Sunday, February 26, 2012

Parshas Zachor and מצוות מחיית עמלק

I am putting several interesting things about this week's mitzvah in this post.  I will occasionally add to the post  as new ideas come up.

I
This week is Parshas Zachor, and the Haftorah is Shmuel I:15, which begins like this:
ויאמר שמואל אל שאול אתי שלח ה' למשחך למלך על עמו על ישראל ועתה שמע לקול דברי ה'צבאות פקדתי את אשר עשה עמלק לישראל אשר שם לו בדרך בעלתו ממצריםעתה לך והכיתה את עמלק והחרמתם את כל אשר לו
Some people begin reading from the first passuk, and others begin from the second passuk, like so:
ספרדים ואיטלקים: ויאמר שמואל אל שאול אתי שלח 
אשכנזים: כה אמר ה' צבאות פקדתי

This seems like a pretty trivial difference, but it happens to reflect a Machlokes between the Rambam/Ramban and the Chinuch.  

According to the Oneg Yomtov, the Rambam holds that the Mitzva of Mechiyas Amalek only pertains to the Melech.  The Mitzva only begins when there is a king, and as soon as there is no king, the mitzva of Mechiyas Amaleik immediately ends.  Here is the Oneg Yomtov (in letter Vov):

 אנו רואין דאין מקום למצות מחיית עמלק אלא כשיש מלך בישראל * ובארנו בזה מה שהשיב שאול לשמואל כששב  מהמלחמה  ושמואל אמר לו מדוע  בזית  את  דבר  ה'  על מה שהחי׳ את אננ ולקח מהשלל • והשיב כי יראתי את העם ואשמע בקולם ונראה שטענת תשובתו הזאת • דאמרינן ביומא (לף כ״ב) וירב בנחל על עסקי נחל מה על נפש אחת
 אמרה תורה הבא עגלה ערופה על כמה נפשות על אחת כמה וכמה ואם אדם חטא בהמה מה חטאה ואס גדולים  חטאו קטנים מה חטאו ע ״ש  גמרא ־ ומנטייתו זאת לצד החמלה היתה עצתו לפרק מעליו כח המלוכה׳ ואף דקיי״ל מלך שמחל על כבודו  אין כבודו מחול • היינו היכא שמחזק בעיקר מלכותו רק שרצה עתה למחול להאיש שמרד בו ־ אבל שאול רצה להשפיל  עצמו מעיקר מלכותו • וכיון שאינו מחזיק  עצמו למלך ממלא בטל דין מחיית  עמלק כמו שבארנו דבלא מלך ליכא מצות   מחיית עמלק 

The Ramban on Shemos 17:16 says pretty much the same thing:
כאשר יהיה מלך בישראל יושב על כסא ה' ילחם בעמלק, והוא רמז לשאול המלך הראשון, וכן מדר דר, לאמר כי כל מלך בישראל חייב להלחם בהם עד שימחו. וגם זה מדרש הגמרא שאמרו (סנהדרין כ ב): כשהוא אומר כי יד על כס יה מלחמה לה' בעמלק מדר דר, הרי להעמיד עליהם מלך תחלה, ואין כס יה אלא מלך, שנאמר (דהי"א כט כג): וישב שלמה, כדאיתא בפרק כהן גדול.

The Chinuch, on the other hand, holds that although the Gemara in Sanhedrin requires that we anoint a king before we attack Amalek, the mitzva is triggered as soon as a king has been appointed, and the mitzva remains in effect forever, with or without a king, and is incumbent upon every individual in Klal Yisrael.  Or you could read it to mean that there is an ikkar mitzva and a non-ikkar mitzva, but even the non-ikkar mitzva is a mitzva, like Bilah by a Korban Mincha.  The Chinuch is in Mitzva 604 (some older editions don't have all the words of the Chinuch):
ואף שעיקר מצוות מחיית עמלק מוטלת על הציבור, מכל מקום גם על כל יחיד ויחיד מישראל מוטלת מצווה זו, ואם הזדמן לפניו עמלקי ויש בכוחו להורגו, ולא הרגו, ביטל את המצווה

So  if you hold like the Rambam, you have to begin the Haftorah with the first passuk that says that Shaul was anointed king, because without a king, there is no mitzva.  In fact, the Rambam in 1 Melachim 2 brings this passuk to prove that appointing a king precedes mechiyas Amalek- מינוי מלך קודם למלחמת עמלק. שנאמר אותי שלח ה' למשחך למלך עתה לך והכיתה את עמלק.  But according to the Chinuch, having a king no longer matters, and the mitzva pertains with or without a king. Therefore the haftorah should begin with the second passuk, which directly addresses the Inyana de'Yoma.

I am aware of the Rambam that also says that every individual is over a lav if he refrains (5 Melachim 4,5- מצות עשה להחרים שבעה עממין שנאמר החרם תחרימם. וכל שבא לידו אחד מהן ולא הרגו עובר בלא תעשה שנאמר לא תחיה כל נשמה. וכבר אבד זכרם: וכן מצות עשה לאבד זכר עמלק. שנאמר תמחה את זכר עמלק,) and I agree that it is very possible that all the Rishonim basically agree that the Mitzva is on the Tzibur and it devolves from the Tzibur to its component yechidim.  But I am working with the Oneg Yomtov, and according to the Oneg Yomtov there is a very big difference between the Rambam and the Chinuch.  Also, the Rambam in Sefer Hamitzvos after Asei 248 says
אם תתבונן בכלל המצוות האלה, שקדם זכרן, תמצא מהן-מצוות שהן חובה לצבור לא לכל יחיד ויחיד, כגון: בנין בית הבחירה והקמת מלך והכרתת זרע עמלק .ומהן מצוות שהן חובה ליחיד, אם עשה מעשה פלוני או אם ארע לו מצב פלוני, כגון קורבן שוגג וקורבן הזב, ואפשר שישאר אדם כל ימי חייו ולא יעשה אותו המעשה ולא יארע לו אותו הדבר.
so it is very possible that when the Rambam in Halacha 5 in Melachim says וכן מצות עשה לאבד זכר עמלק, his וכן is not referring to the obligation on individuals.

In any case, please remember that it doesn't really matter what the Rambam and the Chinuch REALLY AND TRULY IN THEIR HEART OF HEARTS held, or what YOU think the Rambam and the Chinuch hold, or what THE ROV AND THE RAV said the Rambam and the Chinuch hold.  What matters is that THERE ARE PEOPLE (such as the Oneg Yomtov and I) who hold there is a basic machlokes between the Rambam and the Chinuch as to whether individuals acting as individuals have any mitzva of Mechiyas Amaleik, or only when acting under a king's command is there a mitzva, and it is because of that difference of opinion that two minhagim arose as to where to begin the Haftorah.

II
The Magen Avraham in OC 60 SK 2 brings from the אר״י ז״ל in the Kavanos that there are Zechiros, things that we should remember, and that they are listed in the Bracha before Krias Shma, in Ahava Rabba.  You might know it as Ahavas Olam.  In any case, many of us are not aware of this subtext, so here's the Magen Avraham.

איתא בכוונות ובכתבים והזכירות הללו הם מ"ע לכן

  • כשיאמר ובנו בחרת יזכור מ"ת, 
  • וקרבתנו מעמד הר סיני, 
  • לשמך הגדול מעשה עמלק שאין השם שלם, 
  • להודות לך הפה לא נברא רק להודות ולא לדבר לשון הרע וזהו זכירת מעשה מרים, 
  • וזכרתם את כל מצות ה' זהו שבת ששקולה כנגד כל המצות
וכשאומר והביאנו לשלום מארבע כנפות הארץ יניח הכנפות של הטלית שעל כתפיו ליפול למטה עכ"ל, ובילקוט פ' בחקותי מביא ג"כ זכור את אשר הקצפת את ה' אלהיך במדבר וגו' זכור בפה ע"ש בשם ספרי ונ"ל שיזכור זה כשיאמר באהבה לאפוקי באותו פעם לא היו אוהבין השם וצריך טעם למה תקנו לקרות פ' עמלק מה שלא תקנו בזכירות אחרים עססי' תרפ"ה וי"ל דמ"ת יש לנו חג עצרת וה"ה שבת ומעשה מרים ומעשה עגל לא תקנו מפני שהי' גנותן של ישראל:

It's worth noting that the Chida in Dvash L'Fee says that while it's true that you're not yotzei Zechira, because you need to read it from a Sefer Torah, but at least you're avoiding the lahv of Lo Sishkach.

And here is what the Aruch Hashulchan says about this, so you shouldn't feel bad if you never did what the Magen Avraham recommended:
נכון הוא שכשיאמר "ובנו בחרת..." לזכור מעמד הר סיני, שאז בחר בנו, כדכתיב: "פן תשכח את הדברים... יום אשר עמדת לפני ה' אלהיך בחורב".
וכשיאמר "לשמך הגדול" יזכור מעשה עמלק, דאין השם שלם עד שימחה זרעו של עמלק, וכדכתיב: "זכור את אשר עשה לך...".
וכשיאמר "להודות לך" יזכור שהפה נברא להודות לו יתברך, ולא לדבר לשון הרע. ויזכור מעשה מרים, כדכתיב: "זכור את אשר עשה ה' אלהיך למרים...".
וכשיאמר "באהבה" יזכור על מה דכתיב: "זכור את אשר הקצפת את ה' אלהיך במדבר".
וכשיאמר "וזכרתם את כל מצות ה'" יזכור על שבת שקולה כנגד כל המצות, וכדכתיב: "זכור את יום השבת". כלומר: שלעולם תזכור יום השבת. וכמאמרם ז"ל: מחד בשבתא לשבתא. ולכן בשיר של יום אנו אומרים: "היום יום ראשון בשבת...".
וכשיאמר "מארבע כנפות הארץ" – יניח כנפי הטלית שעל כתפיו לפול למטה.

(מגן אברהם סעיף קטן ב'. ואנו אין חוששין לזה. ועיין בפרי עץ חיים שער הקריאת שמע פרק שלישי, ותבין על מה שאין נוהגין כן. ודייק ותמצא קל.)

The only thing is, that the Aruch Hashulchan says that if you look at Reb  Chaim Vital's Pri Etz Chaim, you''ll find it easy to understand why we're not noheig to do these zechiros.  I looked there, and I still don't have any idea of what he's talking about.  Maybe you'll have better luck than me.  Here it is.

UPDATE: Thank you to the Anonymous commenter who explained that the Aruch Hashulchan is talking about the minhag to drop the tzitzis after saying "מארבע כנפות הארץ", and it has nothing to do with the Zechiros.

III
There are many opinions about what the chiyuv of zechira from a sefer entails.  In the Maaseh Rav, the Gaon is said to have layned himself, and most people understand this to be because Miztva bo yoser mibishlucho.  In the Sefer Yeshodei Yeshurun, by Rabbi Felder, who can be trusted, he says that Reb Moshe's shitta was that you are yotzei by hearing it being read, and not because of shlichus or shomei'a k'oneh, but simply because the whole chiyuv is to hear it.  This is diametrically opposed to the Taz that holds that being yotzei the Bracha of Krias Hatorah is essential to being yotzei the mitzva of Zechiras Mechiyas Amalek.

IV
We are all familiar with the Brisker chiddush that the definition of Amalek regarding the Mitzva of Mechiyah is not specific to the ethnic group that descended from Eliphaz, but includes every person that wants to destroy Klal Yisrael.  In the US, people say it from the Rav in the name of his father, but Rav Shternbuch in Teshuvos V'Hanhagos says it in the name of Reb Chaim.  What I found more interesting is the appellation Amalek for divisive Jews in the Even Shleimah from the Gaon, here:
  ה' מיני ערב רב יש בישראל . א) בעלי מחלוקת ולשון חרע  ב) בעלי תאוה. ג) הצבועים שאין תוכם כברם ד)  הרודפים
 אחד הכבוד לעשות להם שם.  ה) הרודפים אחר הממון. ובעלי מחלוקת הם גרועים מכולם והם נקראים עמלקים. ואין בן דוד בא עד שימחו מן העולם (דברם א׳ א׳) וכל מחלוקת שלא לשם שמים  הוא מע״ר הקופצים לתורות וליטול עטרה.  כמ״ש ונעשה לנו שם

(The Gaon notes the Tikkunei Zohar 46b, but it's a diyuk, not a quote.)


UPDATE, JULY 3 2015
V
I received the following comment from Harav Yehuda Oppenheimer, esteemed Principal of Bnos Bais Yaakov High School in Toronto. Regarding the difference of opinion between the Rambam and Sefer HaChinuch as to whether having a king is a prerequisite to the Mitzva of Mechiyas Amalek.
I’d just like to add that I think the Lomdus behind their opinions is as follows. Both Shitos agree that the Mitzva of Mechiyas Amalek is only applicable during a Milchama. As the Gri”z says in Beshalach, you need the “Din Milchama” to allow for the inevitable element of Sakanas Nefashos which an ordinary mitzva does not permit! Thus, according to the Rambam you need the king to “shaf a din Milchama”! No king = no Milchama = no Mitzva. The Chinuch, however, holds that the words: “Milchama LaHashem baAmalek Midor Dor” creates an eternal din Milchama with Amalek! This explains why by the 7 Umos the Chinuch writes that a Yachid is only Chayav if he can kill them without putting himself in Sakana, whereas by Amalek he says that there is a Mitzva on each Yachid without that caveat. Here it is a constant Shaas Milchama, which by definition requires Sakana. By the 7 Umos, however, it is merely a Mitzva, where Sakana renders one exempt. (Other than in those specific times when there was a Milchama with them).
(According to the Chinuch the Gemara that says that Minui Melech comes first is merely the order in which the Mitzvos should be done - it’s not a prerequisite to the Mitzva. Alternatively, it’s a Gezeiras Hakasuv that you can’t start Mechiyas Amalek before the first Minui Melech). 
Excellent, and Yasher Koach. 

11 comments:

  1. re the chinuch. Would voting against an amaleki count as a partial kiyum?

    ReplyDelete
  2. a nifty explanation for the
    difference in minhagim!

    could the later contents of the
    haftorah come down on one side here, for it seems that Shmuel kills Agag AFTER Shaul has been deposed, & BEFORE David has been annointed--that Shmuel slew Amalek in the absence of a king!?

    ReplyDelete
  3. I don't like "nifty," but thank you.

    As for your point about the fact that Shaul did kill Agag afterwards, that is a nifty observation. Modern Yeshiva people might say that the machlokes Rambam and Chinuch was precisely the Machlokes Shaul and Shmuel. Since that's kind of unlikely, I refer you to the Oneg Yomtov, who addresses the question laterally by saying that since Shaul later killed the residents of Nov for lese-majesty, for Mored Be'Malchus, this proved that his alleged abdication was a mere facade with no legal effect, so he was and remained king even after being told that he would be replaced. The words of the OYT:
    שהדברים סותרים זא׳ז שבשעת מלחמת
    עמלק הסיר המלוכה מעליו ובשעת מעשה דנוב עיר הכהנים דנם למורד במלכות

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  4. "a mere facade with no legal effect"

    no & yes-- the facade in our
    haftorah runs counter, where Shmuel helps Shaul keep public face (15:30-31)-- just between Hashem & Shmuel & Shaul, the latter's kingship is kaput, but for the klal, Shaul yet wears the title; Hashem's upper room rejection, 15:10 (& even Hashem's spirit finding one man & quitting another, 16:13-14), has no legal effect: lo b'shamayim he!

    ReplyDelete
  5. You wrote
    "no & yes"

    I agree with the latter but not the former. What the heck is "upper room rejection"? If Hebrew is your preferred language, write in Hebrew.

    לא בשמים does not mean that Hashem cannot uncrown a king. That has nothing to do with Psak halacha. A king's authority always depends on Hashem's approval and involvement. It is a universally recognized concept, except among barbarians and goths, that a king needs a divine mandate. So, nice try, but no cigar.

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  6. never mind the "no & yes" business,
    the facade in our haftorah 15:30-31is that Shaul is well-established, not that he is abdicating ("alleged
    abdication", comment 3);

    "upper room rejection" means
    rejected b'shamayim, though not yet on earth--
    sorry to throw you with that;

    of course Hashem can uncrown a king! by "lo b'shamayim" was meant--to use the terms of the original case, BM 59b--that the majority over against Rav Eliezer hadn't even heard the bas kol confirming his psak: the public (= "majority"), where a king's status becomes (de-)concretized, was early on uninformed of Shaul's reversal [a loose usage of lo b'shamayim he, true, but who smokes cigars in the first place?]

    ReplyDelete
  7. re the Kavanos
    באמת

    zeh an allusion to ha'eigel, object
    of false worship, when we angered
    Hashem b'midbar

    ReplyDelete
  8. I amended the post to mention the allusion to the Eigel.

    ReplyDelete
  9. It seems that the Aruch Hashulchan is only referring to our not being noheg to let the four tziziot drop down at that point, not the inyan of the zechiros. This Reb Chaim Vital says clearly: our minhag is to gather the four tziziot kneged halev at that point as opposed to dropping them, and he explains why.

    The GRA, by the way, only held the two front tziziot during Shma, giving precedence to the Gemoro that two tziziot should be in front and two behind.

    ReplyDelete
  10. I continue to enjoy this blog immensely. I apologize for my recent proliferation of comments; as a school principal I currently have some time on my hands. (I assume that the Baal Hablog can erase whatever he doesn’t like).
    I love the idea that the different Minhagim regarding the Haftorah reflect the difference of opinion between the Rambam and Sefer HaChinuch as to whether having a king is a prerequisite to the Mitzva of Mechiyas Amalek.
    I’d just like to add that I think the Lomdus behind their opinions is as follows. Both Shitos agree that the Mitzva of Mechiyas Amalek is only applicable during a Milchama. As the Gri”z says in Beshalach, you need the “Din Milchama” to allow for the inevitable element of Sakanas Nefashos which an ordinary mitzva does not permit! Thus, according to the Rambam you need the king to “shaf a din Milchama”! No king = no Milchama = no Mitzva. The Chinuch, however, holds that the words: “Milchama LaHashem baAmalek Midor Dor” creates an eternal din Milchama with Amalek! This explains why by the 7 Umos the Chinuch writes that a Yachid is only Chayav if he can kill them without putting himself in Sakana, whereas by Amalek he says that there is a Mitzva on each Yachid without that caveat. Here it is a constant Shaas Milchama, which by definition requires Sakana. By the 7 Umos, however, it is merely a Mitzva, where Sakana renders one exempt. (Other than in those specific times when there was a Milchama with them).
    (According to the Chinuch the Gemara that says that Minui Melech comes first is merely the order in which the Mitzvos should be done - it’s not a prerequisite to the Mitzva. Alternatively, it’s a Gezeiras Hakasuv that you can’t start Mechiyas Amalek before the first Minui Melech).
    YO

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    Replies
    1. That is mezumon to go into the post. Thank you very much, and have a good Shabbos!

      Delete