This was originally posted in '12, but it has been updated. And again, in 2015, with a great find.
Today, when my mother shetichyeh realized that she had forgotten something, she said "א קאצ'ישע קאפ." A cat's head. I don't recall hearing that expression before- that a person that forgets things has a cat's head. I've since seen that some say א קאצין מוח, same idea, a cat's brain. I don't know why we would malign the cat's memory, but it reminded me of the Gemara (Horios 13b) ת"ר חמשה דברים משכחים את הלימוד האוכל ממה שאוכל עכבר וממה שאוכל חתול והאוכל לב של בהמה והרגיל בזיתים והשותה מים של שיורי רחיצה והרוחץ רגליו זו על גבי זו ויש אומרים אף המניח כליו תחת מראשותיו, that eating a food that had been partially eaten by a cat or a rodent damages the memory. It stands to reason that a cat and a rodent have terrible memories, because they are always eating things that a cat or a rodent had begun eating.
Today, when my mother shetichyeh realized that she had forgotten something, she said "א קאצ'ישע קאפ." A cat's head. I don't recall hearing that expression before- that a person that forgets things has a cat's head. I've since seen that some say א קאצין מוח, same idea, a cat's brain. I don't know why we would malign the cat's memory, but it reminded me of the Gemara (Horios 13b) ת"ר חמשה דברים משכחים את הלימוד האוכל ממה שאוכל עכבר וממה שאוכל חתול והאוכל לב של בהמה והרגיל בזיתים והשותה מים של שיורי רחיצה והרוחץ רגליו זו על גבי זו ויש אומרים אף המניח כליו תחת מראשותיו, that eating a food that had been partially eaten by a cat or a rodent damages the memory. It stands to reason that a cat and a rodent have terrible memories, because they are always eating things that a cat or a rodent had begun eating.
There are many Yiddish expressions that stem from Chazal. Obviously, Yiddish can become ugly in the mouths of vulgar people, but so much of it stems from Tanach and Chazal because of Klal Yisrael's obsessive love of the Torah. I once enjoyed a conversation with Dr. Jean Jofen on this topic, one of the many areas of her expertise. One example we discussed was that an expression for "a tiny amount," an iota, is a כי הוא זה. A person who wanted to say that he knew absolutely nothing would say "I don't know a כי הוא זה. This, of course, comes from the Gemara (Bava Kamma 106b) that when the Torah uses those words, it refers to a man that makes a partial admission of liability- I don't owe you הוא, I only owe you זה. So the words כי הוא זה came to mean "a little bit."
Another one is ווי א האן אין בני אדם. When you look at someone askance, you are looking at him ווי א האן אין בני אדם, like a chicken at a human being. This comes from Kapparos. We take a chicken by the legs and swing him around our heads while saying the passuk בני אדם יושבי חושך וצלמות.... One imagines that the chicken is looking down at us and wondering what on Earth is going on. The chicken is totally confused and thinks that we are deranged. He looks at us ווי א האן אין בני אדם.
Then, there is לא דובים ולא יער, which means "never happened, none of it is true." This comes from the Gemara (Sota 47) that says that the story (Melachim II 2:23-25) of Elisha and the bears was only a vision or a metaphor, and there were no bears and no forest. לא דובים ולא יער. (Another expression that means "totally fabricated" is נישט געשטויגען נישט געפלויגען, which means "didn't rise and didn't fly," and it is our reaction to the claims of miracles about a certain Jew that lived toward the end of the second Beis Hamikdash.)
There are many such expressions. Another is א יאהר און א מיטוואך (or א יאהר מיט א מיטוואך), translating to "a year and a Wednesday", meaning "a long, long, time." This also comes from a Gemara (Kesuvos 2a: if after an engagement the groom delays the marriage, the dilatory groom's obligation of spousal support vests a year after the engagement, but only beginning on the first Wednesday after the year because of the rule called 'Shakdu.' The kalla will eventually be taken care of, but she might have to wait א יאהר מיט א מיטוואך.) The common expression for senility- עובר בטל- comes, of course, directly from Avos 5:21, בן מאה כאילו עבר ובטל מן העולם.
I recently was thinking about the word "Parev," or, as used now, Parveh. Remarkably, the word seems to have sprung into existence only in the late eighteen hundreds! What is its etymology? Nobody knows, There are innumerable explanations, most of which are not at all credible. For example -
Then there are the believable ones. The first was suggested to me by my son in law, Harav Moshe Jofen, and I later sort of found it in Reb Dovid Kohen's Yiddish, HaSofoh Hakedoisha, יידיש השפה הקדושה - א, קאהן, דוד בן צבי משה
where he says
The idea is not well expressed there, but I think that if the Parvah chamber is the source, it is be because it was situated on the line between Ezras Yisrael and Ezras Kohanim - it straddled the line. It was liminal.
Then Rav Kohen brings something intriguing:
In a glossary of the French words in Rashi, he says
(Google translates "privauté" as "familiarity.")
I like this pshat! Of course, we would need to explain why the word disappeared for six hundred years, between the time of Rashi and its next appearance, when French would not be the source for new Yiddish words.
The one that has forever puzzled me is ווי א יון אין סוכה, literally, something completely out of place. Literally, it means "like a Greek in a Sukkah." Now, I know that a Greek, a paradigmatic non-Jew, would be out of place in a Sukkah. But the specificity of the expression makes it clear that it comes from somewhere.
Here's one approach- Rabbi David Hollander, writing in the Algemeiner, said that it reflects the passuk יפת אלוקים ליפת וישכון באהלי שם:
Another one is ווי א האן אין בני אדם. When you look at someone askance, you are looking at him ווי א האן אין בני אדם, like a chicken at a human being. This comes from Kapparos. We take a chicken by the legs and swing him around our heads while saying the passuk בני אדם יושבי חושך וצלמות.... One imagines that the chicken is looking down at us and wondering what on Earth is going on. The chicken is totally confused and thinks that we are deranged. He looks at us ווי א האן אין בני אדם.
Then, there is לא דובים ולא יער, which means "never happened, none of it is true." This comes from the Gemara (Sota 47) that says that the story (Melachim II 2:23-25) of Elisha and the bears was only a vision or a metaphor, and there were no bears and no forest. לא דובים ולא יער. (Another expression that means "totally fabricated" is נישט געשטויגען נישט געפלויגען, which means "didn't rise and didn't fly," and it is our reaction to the claims of miracles about a certain Jew that lived toward the end of the second Beis Hamikdash.)
There are many such expressions. Another is א יאהר און א מיטוואך (or א יאהר מיט א מיטוואך), translating to "a year and a Wednesday", meaning "a long, long, time." This also comes from a Gemara (Kesuvos 2a: if after an engagement the groom delays the marriage, the dilatory groom's obligation of spousal support vests a year after the engagement, but only beginning on the first Wednesday after the year because of the rule called 'Shakdu.' The kalla will eventually be taken care of, but she might have to wait א יאהר מיט א מיטוואך.) The common expression for senility- עובר בטל- comes, of course, directly from Avos 5:21, בן מאה כאילו עבר ובטל מן העולם.
I recently was thinking about the word "Parev," or, as used now, Parveh. Remarkably, the word seems to have sprung into existence only in the late eighteen hundreds! What is its etymology? Nobody knows, There are innumerable explanations, most of which are not at all credible. For example -
פארעוו פאר וואם הייסט א מאכל וואם איז ניט פליישיק און ניט מילכיק פארעוו פארעוו פרבה מלשון פרבר כלפי בר שעומד בחוץ שלא השתמשו בו לא חלב ולא בשר
(ר׳ יצחק ליפיעץ)
where he says
פארעווע ר"ל לא בשרי ולא חלבי
נראה שהמקור ממשנה ביומא ל:א וגם לד:ב שהכהן גדול שעבר עבורת יום הכפורים והיה צריך לטבול בין חליפת בגדי זהב לבגדי לבן וכן להיפוך היה טובל בבית הפרוה שהיה בקודש משא"כ טבילה ראשונה שהיתה בחול ובגמרא שם לה א אמרו שפרווה אמגושא וכתב שם רש"י שהיה מכשף והוא בנה אותו מקום ועיין שם בתוס' הרי שהטבילה היתה באמצע ונמצא שפרווה הוי כמקום אמצעי בין הדברים הקיצונים במו בשר וחלב
Then Rav Kohen brings something intriguing:
וידידי הגאון רב אהרן ישעיה בלויא שליט"א ביאר מרש"י קידושין לג:א ד"ה דגיסי בהו דבלע"ז פריביץ וכ"ה בכתובות חיטין פריווירי"ץ שהדבר נאכל עם הכל או בשר או חלב
544 עירובץ מז. גס
פריבי״ץ privez חופשי
הכוונה: חופשי ביחסי בני-אדם, שאין ביניהם מחיצת נימוסים: השווה בצרפתית של היום privauté
״התנהגות חופשית מאוד, לא-מנומסת, בפרט בין גבר לאשה״. הלעז חסר בדפוסים.
(Google translates "privauté" as "familiarity.")
I like this pshat! Of course, we would need to explain why the word disappeared for six hundred years, between the time of Rashi and its next appearance, when French would not be the source for new Yiddish words.
The one that has forever puzzled me is ווי א יון אין סוכה, literally, something completely out of place. Literally, it means "like a Greek in a Sukkah." Now, I know that a Greek, a paradigmatic non-Jew, would be out of place in a Sukkah. But the specificity of the expression makes it clear that it comes from somewhere.
Here's one approach- Rabbi David Hollander, writing in the Algemeiner, said that it reflects the passuk יפת אלוקים ליפת וישכון באהלי שם:
דער ערשטער טייל פון די געוואונשענע שיריים איז אין פאַרשטיין פאַרוואָס מיר זאָגן "ווי אַ יוון אין סוכה"? פאַרוואָס דווקא ווי אַ "יוון", נישט ווי אַ טערק, אַ רוימער, אָדער וועלכער גוי עס זאָל נישט זיין?
....why do we say "like a Greek in Sukkah?" Why not a Turk, a Roman, or some other kind of gentile?
דער תירוץ איז, אַז יוון, די גריכן פון אַמאָל און היינט, האָבן זיך אויסגעצייכנט אין אויסערלעכער שיינקייט, אין מאָלערייען, אין סקולפּטור, אין מוזיק און אין אַרכיטעקטור, אָבער זיי האָבן דאַן, אין די ערשטע יאָרן נאָך בריאת העולם, זיך דערווייטערט פון דעם עיקר, ווי עס שטייט אין דער תורה, "יפת אלוקים ליפת וישכון באהלי שם". יפת'ס שיינקייט איז אַ ברכה, אָבער מיט אַ שטרענגן תנאי, און דאָס איז, "וישכון באהלי שם", אונטער ג-ט'ס ממשלה. אָבער יפת, די יוונים, האָבן זיך דערווייטערט פון דעם "וישכון באהלי שם" (בראשית ט', כ"ז). די חז"ל (מגילה ט') זאָגן "יפיפיתו של יפת יהא באהלי שם",יעמאָלט איז יפת שיין, בשעת עס איז באהלי שם.
The answer is that the Greek, ancient and modern, excelled in external beauty, in painting, in sculpture, in music and architecture, but they distanced themselves, long ago, from the most important thing. As it says in the Torah (Breishis 9:27), "Hashem , give beauty to Yefeth, and may he dwell in the tents of Shem". Yefeth's beauty is a blessing, but with a strong prerequisite- that it be under G-d's rule. But Yefeth, the Greeks, grasped the beauty and disdained the tent of Shem.
ר' יהודה הלוי וואָרנט אַז יוון איז בלויז "פּרחים" אָבער "בלי פּירות". די מוזיקאַלישע כלים זיינען געווען אָן אהלי שם, ווי רש"י זאָגט (בראשית כ') אַז עס איז געווען "לזמר לעבודת אלילים".
Reb Yehuda Halevi warns that Greece is merely flowers without fruit. The musical instruments were used outside the tent of Shem, they were used to serenade the pagan idols.
מיר, אידן, לעבן אין דער קולטור פון די יוונים, פון די קינסטלער וועלכע זיינען נישט געבונדן צו דעם "וישכון באהלי שם", און ביי זיי איז כל דבר אסור מותר, מיטן תירוץ אַז די אַרטיסטן מעגן עובר זיין אויף אַלע מאָראַלישע געזעצן, ווייל זיי, די אַרטיסטן, האָבן געשאַפן אַ לעבנס-וועג, וואָס דערלויבט אַלץ ווייל עס איז נישט "באהלי שם".
צום באַדויערן זיינען פילע אידן געוואָרן די אָנפירער פון דער קולטור פון יוון, און דאָס האָט געבראַכט די השכלה-באַוועגונג, און דערנאָך דעם געפעלשטן "דזשודאַאיזם", וואָס איז געוואָרן דער "יוון אין סוכה" מיט שיינע טעמפּלען, מיט מוזיק אַלס דער עיקר, אָבער ס'איז בלויז "פּרחים בלי פּירות".
דער יוון איז ליידער אַריין אין אונדזער אידישער סוכה...
So the idea is that Yefeth, the Greek people, were given the gift of creating aesthetic beauty, which was intended to be used in service of Hashem. They rejected "the tents of Shem," and used their gift for exactly the opposite purpose, to glorify physicality and paganism. For a Yavan to walk into a sukkah highlights the ironic contrast- the Yavan and that which was offered but determinedly and absolutely rejected.
Nachum J suggests that the incongruity of a Yavan in a Sukkah refers to the Gemara in Avoda Zara 3a:
אמרו לפניו רבש"ע תנה לנו מראש ונעשנה אמר להן הקב"ה שוטים שבעולם מי שטרח בערב שבת יאכל בשבת מי שלא טרח בערב שבת מהיכן יאכל בשבת אלא אף על פי כן מצוה קלה יש לי וסוכה שמה לכו ועשו אותה ומי מצית אמרת הכי והא אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי מאי דכתיב (דברים ז) אשר אנכי מצוך היום היום לעשותם ולא למחר לעשותם היום לעשותם ולא היום ליטול שכר אלא שאין הקב"ה בא בטרוניא עם בריותיו ואמאי קרי ליה מצוה קלה משום דלית ביה חסרון כיס מיד כל אחד [ואחד] נוטל והולך ועושה סוכה בראש גגו והקדוש ברוך הוא מקדיר עליהם חמה בתקופת תמוז וכל אחד ואחד מבעט בסוכתו ויוצא שנאמר (תהילים ב) ננתקה את מוסרותימו ונשליכה ממנו עבותימו
that when Mashiach comes, the nations will say they deserve a chance to do the mitzvos; Hashem will offer them Sukka, and when the sun beats down on their heads, they will say enough is enough, and kick the sukka and stomp out. So the concept is that Sukka is specifically something that resonates with the Jewish personality, and having a Yavan in a sukka is like having your neighbor come along on your honeymoon.
S, in the comments, cites the following, from a book called יידיש- השפה הקדושה:
עם פאסט וויא א יון אין סוכה
זה מתאים כמו יוני בסוכה
יש מפרשים שהיו אומרים ״כמו איואן(שם פרטי של גוי רוסי) בסוכה״ שאין מקומו שם. והנני מעתיק מש״ב באהל דוד ח״א
בהערות לזכריה יד-טז ״והיה כל הנותר מכל הגוים הבאים על ירושלים ועלו מדי שנה בשנה להשתהות למלך ה׳ צב־אות
ולחג את חג הסכת״.... עיין רש״י שפי׳ על פי הא דעבודה זרה ג, א שהקב״ה יבדוק הגוים על ידי מצות סוכה עיי״ש. ויתכן
דמכאן בא הביטוי ביידיש ״א יון אין סוכה״ ששינו יון במקום רומי מטעם הצנזורה. דעיין שבת טו,א רש״י ד״ה המלכות
הרשעה רומי״ דבדפוס וויען הגירסא יון מטעם הצנזורה (דבווילנא הצארית משלה דת יון האורטודוקסי [גריק
אורטודוקס בלע״ז] ובוויען משלה דת רומי הקטוליקי. ועיין שם לעיל יא. א ד״ה ולא תחת ולקמן שם לג,ב ודף נו,א ודו״ק.
ושמעתי שהיו קוראים לרוסים ולאלו שהיו מדת גריק ארטעדאקס בשם יונים וכ״ה בספר ביון מצולה.
זה מתאים כמו יוני בסוכה
יש מפרשים שהיו אומרים ״כמו איואן(שם פרטי של גוי רוסי) בסוכה״ שאין מקומו שם. והנני מעתיק מש״ב באהל דוד ח״א
בהערות לזכריה יד-טז ״והיה כל הנותר מכל הגוים הבאים על ירושלים ועלו מדי שנה בשנה להשתהות למלך ה׳ צב־אות
ולחג את חג הסכת״.... עיין רש״י שפי׳ על פי הא דעבודה זרה ג, א שהקב״ה יבדוק הגוים על ידי מצות סוכה עיי״ש. ויתכן
דמכאן בא הביטוי ביידיש ״א יון אין סוכה״ ששינו יון במקום רומי מטעם הצנזורה. דעיין שבת טו,א רש״י ד״ה המלכות
הרשעה רומי״ דבדפוס וויען הגירסא יון מטעם הצנזורה (דבווילנא הצארית משלה דת יון האורטודוקסי [גריק
אורטודוקס בלע״ז] ובוויען משלה דת רומי הקטוליקי. ועיין שם לעיל יא. א ד״ה ולא תחת ולקמן שם לג,ב ודף נו,א ודו״ק.
ושמעתי שהיו קוראים לרוסים ולאלו שהיו מדת גריק ארטעדאקס בשם יונים וכ״ה בספר ביון מצולה.
This is almost exactly what Dr. Nachum J said, as I mentioned above. The interesting addition is the passuk in Zechariah that says that the gentiles will come and join us in our celebration of Sukkos. Of course, this is what the Gemara in Avoda Zara comes from, but the expression might have come from a bemused reaction to the passuk in Zechariah. They're going to come and celebrate Sukkos? נאר דאס פעלט אונז אויס. That's all we're missing. Wonderful.
In any case, I think I'm satisfied with this etymology: Based on the passuk in Zecharyah, the Gemara in Avoda Zara, and the pasuk in Breishis, the expression, which means "Something with Zero shaychus," is well grounded in Chazal and Tanach. A Yavan in a Sukka is in a place that has absolutely no shaychus to him, where he completely does not belong.
The sefer cited, יידיש- השפה הקדושה, is very interesting, and contains some of the etymologies I mentioned in this post. It is available at Hebrewbooks.org here. It was written by HaRav Dovid Cohen of Gevul Yavetz. So I'm not the only person that writes about these havolim.
Rabbi Dr. GS reminds us of the Gemara (Sukka 2b-3a) that tells us how careful Queen Hellenni was to ensure that her children were in a Sukkah, even though she herself was not obligated to be there. Good idea. Except that Hellini was queen of Adiabene, an Assyrian kingdom in Iraq, and she wasn't Greek, and she and her son Munbaz were geirim. But it does sound like a Greek name, and she certainly wasn't obligated to be in the Sukka. And, as RDGS pointedly notes, the Yevanim in the story of Chanuka weren't Greek either.
RDGS, never one to leave well enough alone, now directs our attention to an interesting article by Philologos in the Forwards, in which the identity of those whom we refer to as Assyrians and as Greeks and Yevanim is examined. As it turns out, Heleni was no less Greek than Assyrian, and, if she descended from Alexander, more.
In any case, I think I'm satisfied with this etymology: Based on the passuk in Zecharyah, the Gemara in Avoda Zara, and the pasuk in Breishis, the expression, which means "Something with Zero shaychus," is well grounded in Chazal and Tanach. A Yavan in a Sukka is in a place that has absolutely no shaychus to him, where he completely does not belong.
The sefer cited, יידיש- השפה הקדושה, is very interesting, and contains some of the etymologies I mentioned in this post. It is available at Hebrewbooks.org here. It was written by HaRav Dovid Cohen of Gevul Yavetz. So I'm not the only person that writes about these havolim.
Rabbi Dr. GS reminds us of the Gemara (Sukka 2b-3a) that tells us how careful Queen Hellenni was to ensure that her children were in a Sukkah, even though she herself was not obligated to be there. Good idea. Except that Hellini was queen of Adiabene, an Assyrian kingdom in Iraq, and she wasn't Greek, and she and her son Munbaz were geirim. But it does sound like a Greek name, and she certainly wasn't obligated to be in the Sukka. And, as RDGS pointedly notes, the Yevanim in the story of Chanuka weren't Greek either.
RDGS, never one to leave well enough alone, now directs our attention to an interesting article by Philologos in the Forwards, in which the identity of those whom we refer to as Assyrians and as Greeks and Yevanim is examined. As it turns out, Heleni was no less Greek than Assyrian, and, if she descended from Alexander, more.
Ok, now we've cleared up this one. Next: עס האט א טעם ווי מען שמייסט א יון. Literally- It [has as much flavor as /makes as much sense as-] (i.e., no flavor/rationale at all-) beating a Greek.
UPDATE:
My son in law, Harav Moshe Jofen, directs our attention to a Braisa in Maseches Sofrim, 1:7.
מעשה בחמשה זקנים שכתבו לתלמי המלך את התורה יונית והיה היום קשה לישראל כיום שנעשה העגל שלא היתה התורה יכולה להתרגם כל צרכה
Once, five elders wrote the Torah in Greek for King Ptolemy. That day was as hard for Israel as the day the Golden Calf was made, because the Torah can't be translated as it requires.
How does this relate to the Sukka?
The Vilner Gaon (this is being written on his Yahrtzeit) asks, why is Sukkos in the Fall, when the events it commemorates took place in the Spring. Chazal do offer other explanations, but the Gaon's explanation is emblematic of his unique gadlus. The Gaon explains that when we made the Eigel, the Ananei Hakavod that indicated the presence of the Shechina left us. The sin of the Eigel was forgiven on Yom Kippur, and on that day Moshe descended with the new Luchos from Har Sinai. The next day, the eleventh of Tishrei, Moshe gave us the commandment to build the Mishkan. On the twelfth and thirteenth, people brought their contributions. On the fourteenth, an accounting was made of what was brought, and we were told to stop bringing. On the fifteenth, the building of the Mishkan began, and the Ananei Hakavod returned. Sukkos commemorates our regaining Hashem's love- not just the forgiveness, which occurred on Yom Kippur, but the return to the state of being loved by the Ribono shel Olam, as we were before the sin of the Eigel.
On a simple level, we can say that Ptolmey, a Greek king, instigated the translation of the Torah, which was akin to the creation of the Eigel. Sukkos represents the perfect opposite of the Eigel. If the Greek king equals the Eigel, and the Sukkah is the sign that the sin of the Eigel was totally erased, then the diametric opposite of the Sukka is the Greek, Yavan.
More importantly, we need to think about why Chazal chose "the day the Eigel was made" to describe the Ptolomeic translation. We know that in Chazal, the Greeks represent a concept of the absolute limitation of knowledge to the empirical. (see Ramban in Parshas Achrei Mos, Vayikra 16:8, והנה רמז לך ר"א שתדע סודו כשתגיע לפסוק ולא יזבחו עוד את זבחיהם לשעירים. והמלה מורכבת, וחביריה רבים. והנה העניין מבואר, זולתי אם תחקור מה עניין לשכלים הנבדלים ולרוחות בקורבן. וזה יודע ברוחות, בחכמת נגרומנסי"א, ויודע גם בשכלים, ברמזי התורה למבין סודם, ולא אוכל לפרש. כי היינו צריכים לחסום פי המתחכמים בטבע הנמשכים אחרי היוני אשר הכחיש כל דבר זולתי המורגש לו, והגיס דעתו לחשוב הוא ותלמידיו הרשעים, כי כל עניין שלא השיג אליו הוא בסברתו איננו אמת..) For the Greek, the idea that human knowledge is imperfect and unreliable, and that we need to admit our limits and to trust the truths of the Torah, is anathema. This is what the Braisa means when it says that לא היתה התורה יכולה להתרגם כל צרכה, that the Torah could not be translated as it needs to be- without faith in the Ribono shel Olam, the Torah is a mere book of thoughts, subject to human interpretation and criticism and the vagaries of ephemeral fashions of philosophy. The Sukka represents the idea that human ability and thought are not enough, and we need to place our faith into the hands of the Ribono shel Olam: the only thing we can rely on is impermanence. The only absolute truth is knowledge imparted by the Ribono shel Olam.
Briefly: The sukka represents faith in Hashem, the awareness that nothing we do is permanent and nothing we know is absolute. Yavan represents human self-reliance and the rejection of revelation in favor of empiricism. A Yavan and a Sukka are fundamentally incompatible.
I think this pshat is the best of all.
ANOTHER UPDATE:
I just saw a scolarly discussion in the Sefarim Blog about the term Yevanim in Yiddish. It was written by an "S", and I assume it's not the S I mention above. It goes as follows:
Yevanim was a particularly loaded term in Russia (for historical purposes this includes regions outside of Russia proper, like Ukraine), because Jews called the non-Jews Yevanim. They did so because many Ukrainians were of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (the Russian Orthodox Church is an Eastern Orthodox Church and in that way 'related' to Greece as well). It is for this reason that Hanover called his account of the Khmelnitzky massacres Yeven Metzula, and refers to the Cossacks as yevanim - but we can see it from other sources, too. For example, see attached for a horrifying account of a massacre on the second day of Pesach 1655. You can see he calls the Cossacks yevanim (from here and here).
Supposedly it was also a play on the name Ivan (ed.- as Rav Dovid Cohen suggested,) but I'm not sure if that's just folk etymology. But more importantly, we can see that some works took it seriously and changed yevanim to something else, to avoid offending the censor. See here where changing yevanim to "yehirim" in Maoz Tzur was a somewhat common change.
And see here where it documents in the 1840s that Jews called the Russians yevanim - and doubtless you can show it from many Yiddish sources, too. See here where I discuss how the Slavuta Talmud actually changes a gemara; "Rabbi said, why speak Syriac in Eretz Yisrael? Speak Hebrew or Greek!" to "Speak Hebrew or Akum!"
UPDATE OCTOBER 2015:
I just saw such a fascinating thing- will this never end?? The Shach, in his peirush on the Torah in Emor, Vayikra 23:43 says
הרי הז׳ צדיקים רמוזים שהם באים ויושבים בסוכה על כן צריך לשבת בה באימה וביראה בבושה וענוה. ולא ימשך אחר אכילה ושתיה שלא יבא לידי נבלה. ולא יכניס לתוכה עכו״ם שהסוכה צלה דמהמנותא ועכו״ם לית ליה מהמנותא ואז בורחת הקדושה וז׳ הצדיקים מקללים קללות נמרצות
UPDATE
We were discussing the word Parev, or as people say now, Parveh. There is no clear source for this word, and it seems to have only come into use in the nineteenth century. My son in law, Harav Moshe Jofen, said that it comes from Liskas Beis HaParveh, the chamber that was half in Ezras Yisrael and half in Ezras Kehuna. I scoffed, even though I saw someone else that suggested it, but I'm wondering if he's right.
We were discussing the word Parev, or as people say now, Parveh. There is no clear source for this word, and it seems to have only come into use in the nineteenth century. My son in law, Harav Moshe Jofen, said that it comes from Liskas Beis HaParveh, the chamber that was half in Ezras Yisrael and half in Ezras Kehuna. I scoffed, even though I saw someone else that suggested it, but I'm wondering if he's right.