Divrei Torah of lasting value that require some thought. Established Ellul 5766/September 2006
Chicago Chesed Fund
Wednesday, March 13, 2024
Noam Hashem
Thursday, May 20, 2021
Shemini. An Honest Discussion of the Tuma Caused by Nadav and Avihu.
When Nadav and Avihu died, their bodies lay in the Mishkan, according to Rabbi Akiva. The law of Tumas Ohalim should have applied. Therefore, the Keilim in the MIshkan and Mishkan covers themselves should have become tamei.
טומאה בעזרה מנלן א"ר אלעזר כתוב אחד אומר (במדבר יט, יג) את משכן ה' טמא וכתוב אחד אומר (במדבר יט, כ) כי את מקדש ה' טמא (אם אינו ענין לטומאה שבחוץ תנהו ענין לטומאה שבפנים) וקראי מיתרי הא מיצרך צריכי דתניא ר' אלעזר אומר אם נאמר משכן למה נאמר מקדש ואם נאמר מקדש למה נאמר משכן אילו נאמר משכן ולא נאמר מקדש הייתי אומר על משכן יהא חייב שהרי משוח בשמן המשחה ועל מקדש לא יהא חייב ואם נאמר מקדש ולא נאמר משכן הייתי אומר על מקדש יהא חייב שהרי קדושתו קדושת עולם ועל משכן לא יהא חייב לכך נאמר משכן לכך נאמר מקדש
Sunday, May 16, 2021
Was the Mishkan Weighted or Staked? Installment Three
Reb Moshe in the Darash derives important יסודות from the יתדות, a lesson from these alternative methods of keeping the יריעות, the fabric and leather panels that covered the Mishkan, in place.
וכל יסדות החצר נחשת (כז יט)
רש"י מסתפק ביתדות אם כובדן עושה שלא יגביהם הרוח או תקועין בארץ, ונראה דילפינן מזה שצריך כל אדם להשתדל שבכח עצמו מצד ידיעתו והבנתו לא יגביהנו הרוח בכל מקום שיהיה. אבל מתחלה יהיה זה ע"י אחרים היינו ע"י התמדתו בישיבה בין מורים וחברים שישפיעו עליו להתחזק בדרך ה', עד שמזה יבא שיהיה חזק בעצמו שלא יגביהו אותו ויטלטלוהו הרוחות הרעות והכפירה אף כשיהיה לבדו.
Was the Mishkan Weighted or Staked? Installment Two
We brought Rashi's alternative explanations of what kept the Mishkan covers from being blown about by the wind and from sagging into the Mishkan. Either there were weights on the hanging edges, or ropes that attached them to stakes driven into the ground.
The Gemara in Shabbos 27b-28a
וכל היוצא מן העץ אינו מטמא טומאת אהלים, אלא פשתן
Rashi
אינו מטמא טומאת אוהלים - אם עשה מהן אהל והמת תחתיו הוי כשאר בית וא"צ להטביל האהל עצמו דלא קבל טומאה אלא כלים שתחתיו:
אלא פשתן - שאף אהל טמא כדכתיב והזה על האהל ובגמ' יליף דבפשתן משתעי קרא:
(It is not only Pishtan, it is anything that is called "ohel" by the Mishkan, including wool and leather.)
Tosfos holds that this susceptibility to tuma is even if the Ohel is actually attached to the ground. Proof that Tosfos holds like that is because he asks, how can it be that the Ohel is tamei, but we have a rule that something that is mekabel tuma is not a barrier to Tuma, and the Mishna in Ohelos says that an ohel made of "sadinim" are a barrier to Tuma! They shouldn't be, if they are tamei themselves. Tosfos answers that the Mishna is talking about silk, not linen, sadinim that are attached to the ground.
וקשה לר"י דתנן באהלות (פ"ח מ"א) אלו מביאין וחוצצין השידה והתיבה כו' והסדינים שהם עשוים אהלים ואיך חוצצין סדינין של פשתן בפני הטומאה והא כל דבר המקבל טומאה אינו חוצץ בפני הטומאה וי"ל דמיירי בסדינין של משי וקבועין שאינן מטמאים ורשב"א פירש במשניות בע"א:
Obviously, Tosfos holds that everything, even non-linen, is mekabel Tuma if it is merely draped over a frame to function as a shelter, because it would not lose its din keli. What distinguishes linen is that it is mekabel Tuma even if is fully attached to the earth, and it loses its din keli, but it is mekabel tuma as an ohel of pishtan. This opinion is shared by the Ramban, Tos Rid, and the Raavad Tu'M 5:12.
Other Rishonim hold that the din tuma of ohel pishtan is only if it is draped over a frame, but NOT if it is attached to the earth. This is the Tosfos HaRosh, and the Rosh in Keilim 27:1 and the Smag. (and possibly the Rambam in Tu'M 5:12.) The Rashba goes even farther. The Rosh holds that the exclusion of tents from Tumah is only if they were originally manufactured to serve only as tents. The Rashba holds that even pishtan, if it was originally a regular garment or keli, draping it over a frame to serve as a tent would remove its susceptibility to Tumah - even תלוש ואחר כך חיברו. In any case, this group of Rishonim holds that if it is literally attached to the ground, it is never tamei, not even pishtan.
(The Rashba that Tosfos brings just says that the rule of כל המקבל טומאה אינו חוצץ בפני הטומאה does not apply to an ohel.)
It seems clear that this whole machlokes depends on whether the Mishkan itself was weighted or staked. Tosfos ודעמיה hold that the Mishkan was staked, mechubar mamash, and and the gzeira shava that teaches tuma by all such ohalim is that even mechubar mamash of pishtan is mekabel tumah. The Rosh ודעמיה hold that the Mishkan was just weighted. The limud teaches that tents that were made of other materials, even if not attached to the ground, are not mekabeil tumah - they lose their din keli. But pishtan is still mekabel tumah even if it serves as a tent. This does not teach anything about mechubar mamash, and mechubar mamash is never mekabel tumah.
I should have realized this would happen, but I found that the Cousin Rav Yechiel Michel Feinstein says this nekuda also. I guess that even if I'm not the first to realize this, it's nice that the first was the Torah giant Reb Yechiel Michel.
In his Sefer on Chumash, end of Teruma:
ובפירש"י ואיני יודע אם תחובין בארץ או קשורין וכובדן מכביד שיפולי היריעות שלא ינועו ברוח וכו' ונראה דבזה תליא פלוגתת הראשונים בדין טומאת אהלים דמבואר במשנה שבת דף כ"ז ב' דכל היוצא מן העץ אינו מטמא טומאת אהלים אלא פשתן ובגמ' שם דף כ"ח א' ילפינן לה ממשכן דקרוי אהל ונחלקו הראשונים אי מטמאין גם כשהן מחוברין וכן הוא דעת התום שם והראב"ד פ"ה מהלכ' טומאת מת הי"ב אכן דעת הרמב"ם שם נראה דס"ל דאין מטמאין מחוברין אלא דווקא כשעשויין אהלים עי"ש וי"ל דהרמב"ם ס"ל דבמשכן היו היתידות תלושין ולא מחוברין בארץ ומש"ה דווקא אהל שאינו מחובר מיטמא כמו משכן אבל הראב"ד והתוס' ס"ל דהיתידות היו תחובין בארץ ומש"ה איכא טומאת אהלים גם במחובר והארכתי בזה במקום אחר.
Saturday, May 15, 2021
Was the Mishkan Weighted or Staked? Installment One.
What kept the roof of the Mishkan, the יריעות, from sagging in middle, or flapping in the desert wind? Fabric or leather of that great an unsupported span would not remain horizontal. True, the material of the Yerios was quite heavy, but it was as heavy in middle as it was on the sides. Specifically, the middle was ten amos wide, and over the Kerashim and hanging down the sides were a total of eight or nine. If you've ever had a sukkah cover that doesn't rest on the schach, you know that it's going to sag in middle, even without rain. The answer is, the Yerios had copper bars, or pegs, or stakes - יתדות - to keep them in place.
Monday, April 1, 2019
Shemini. The Cohen Upon His Initiation
***************************************************
THE DAY OF INITIATION
"From here we learn that Kohanim may not become defiled by contact with dead bodies, for Elazar and Isamar were there and were not called upon to carry away the bodies of their brothers." -- Toras Kohanim
The Midrash is amazing. What need is there to present a roundabout proof that Kohanim may not become contaminated by contact with a corpse, when it is explicitly stated at the beginning of Parashas Emor? Furthermore, why indeed did Elazar and Isamar not remove the corpses of their brothers, since the Torah (Vayikra 21:2-3) explicitly states that one’s father, mother, never married sister, brother, son and daughter are excluded from the general prohibition of contact with corpses.
The Da’as Zekeinim teaches us that both these questions can be answered by assuming that the meaning of the Midrash is that on the day of an ordinary Kohen’s inauguration, he will assume the status of the Kohen Gadol. In fact, the Mincha offering of a Kohen Gadol every day is the same korban as that of the standard Kohen on the day of his inauguration. For this reason, just as a Kohen Gadol may not attend to the body for the funeral of even his closest relatives, so, too, may a כהן הדיוט (a plain Kohen) not attend to the body of his close relatives on his inaugural day, and the laws regarding the grooming of a Kohen Gadol apply to him as well.
**********************************************************
Here is the Daas Zkeinim (and he says that the Bechor Shor says the same idea. It is not in our editions of the Bechor Shor, but it's brought by several Rishonim, such as Reb Chaim Paltiel and the Paaneiach Raza.)
The idea that the Kohen brings a Minchas Chavitin on the day of his inauguration, his Chinuch, clearly teaches that on that day, an unlimited future opens up, and he can accomplish anything, he can reach for the stars. I've said this many times, but I never thought to relate it to the fact that Elozor and Isomor were not allowed to carry Nodov and Avihu's bodies. If we are to take his idea at face value, it has tremendous halachic application - that every Hedyot, on his day of Minuy, is assur to become tamei to his seven kerovim. Indeed, it seems from the Bechor Shor and the Raavad on the Toras Kohanim here (1:25-6) that they do hold like that.
(Rav Zevin extrapolated from here to explain why they didn't use oil that was tamei for the the Menora after the Nes of the Chashmona'im. Just as here on the day of Chinuch tuma was assur without exception, so, too, when they were mechaneich the replacement Menorah you don't say hutra be'tzibbur. Rav Tzvi Pesach Frank disagrees. I discussed this here.)
So here's a question. Given that this special status of the Yom Hachinuch gives a Kohen dinim of the Kohen Gadol, what if, on Yom Kippur, both the Kohen Gadol and the Sgan became unfit to do the avodah. Could you just call in a new Kohen, have him do his Minchas Chinuch, and continue Avodas Yom Hakippurim?
Of course, the answer is no. But why? According to these Rishonim, a Kohen Hedyot on his day of Chinuch has the dinim of a Kohen Gadol!
The answer is, of course, that there are two dinim in "Kehuna Gedola." One is the kedusha of the Kohen Gadol, which might apply to a hedyot on his day of Chinuch. But the other is the minui, the fact that he is "Gadol mei'echav," that he was appointed to be the head of the Kohanim. The proof of the difference is that even according to these Rishonim, the Hedyot on his day of Chinuch serves in arab begadim. For Yom Kippur, you need Kehuna Gedola in the sense of being the head of the Kohanim.
Friday, April 1, 2016
Shemini. Nadav and Avihu and Leadership
I think that the Chafetz Chaim would have discouraged Nadav and Avihu from seeking leadership roles. The hagahos Maasai l'melech on the Chofetz Chaim al haTorah in Teruma:
Someone said in the name of the Chafetz Chaim that a Baalabos that comes before the Beis Din shel maalah and makes excuses, they'll laugh at him, בוז יבוזו לו. There's only one excuse that works- "My rov never told me."
I just want to point out that it's ironic that the writer (most probably not the Chafetz Chaim,) chose to express that one should distance himself from Rabbanus with the words לברוח מן הרבנות כמטחוי קשת. It's ironic because the first person to use that expression threw away her dying child so that she should not see him die. She did not hold her child in her lap and comfort him as lay dying, because she just couldn't take the pain of watching him. The allusion to that story seems to show that if one special person has the power to help others and to teach them and to do good, then he needs to accept this as his duty even knowing that he might endure bitter hardship in order to prevent the suffering of others. Reb Moshe says in his introduction to the Igros, leadership is not a choice, it is an obligation- as in AZ 19b, ועצומים כל הרוגיה - זה תלמיד שהגיע להוראה ואינו מורה You probably shouldn't be saying אימתי ימותו שני זקנים הללו, but you can't sidestep your chiyuv of arvus and tochacha.
This obligation is not limited to the Marah d'Asra. It applies to all rabbeim and rabbanim. If you have a shiur, and you have your people for hours every week, then what they don't know is your fault. They're coming, they're listening, you'd better tell them what they need to know. It's like לא תוכל להתעלם after you've picked up the aveida times a million. I often think about this in relation to my daf yomi shiur. I've been saying the shiur for close to thirty years, I have people there an hour a day, I see some of them more than their families do, and I have the latitude to talk about whatever I want to talk about, not limited to the daf. So if someone doesn't know a basic halacha, whose fault is that? They're listening, they're waiting to hear, my job is to be marbitz Torah, why didn't I tell them what they needed to know? Anivus? Anivus is just an excuse. And I don't mean this as a reverse humility thing, as if to say that I'm so choshuv that I have to live up to a higher standard. What I mean is that after 120, we will be judged, with middas hadin, on the basis of what we could have done, because when the Ribono shel Olam gives you the opportunity and the means, it is not a gift, it is a duty.
Thursday, March 31, 2016
Shemini, Vayikra 11:8. Being Tahor on Yomtov
The passuk seems to warn us to not touch a neveila, because it will make us Tamei. This cannot be the pshat, because even Kohanim are only prohibited from becoming tamei from human bodies, but nobody is required to avoid all types of Tumah! So Rashi explains that this passuk is teaching us to make sure we are Tahor on Yomtov.
The Rambam does mention this halacha in 16 Tumas Ochlin 10
Indeed, this is not brought down in the Tur/Shulchan Aruch, because it is not relevant to our times. The closest we get is the Beir Heitev YD 373:4
Tosfos there in Yevamos says like the Rashi brought down in the Be'er Heiteiv.
Perhaps the same is true regarding Yomtov- that the chiyuv letaheir atzmo applies even bizman hazeh, but the application depends on who you are. If you and your spouse are tzadikim, the kedusha is worth the abstention for the whole Yomtov. But no matter who you are, everyone can benefit from going to the mikva before Yomtov if only so he can be mekabel Yomtov with a special kedusha.
If you're curious about what Reb Chaim Vital says in the Kisvei Ha'ari Za'l that I quoted above, it's in the Shaar Hakavanos as follows.
Friday, April 17, 2015
Shemini, Vayikra 9:1. Emotion and Rationalism
Before the eighth day, on the first seven days of the avodas hamilu’im, Moshe did the avodah. He had the status of a kohen gadol during that time, as Rashi in Shvu’os says. But he did not wear bigdei kehunah, as the gemora and rashi say in Avodah Zora 32a, and he wore a “chaluk lovon,” a white cloak.
The Likutei Sichos Book I Year I page 228 on the haftorah of this week’s parshah brings from the Rambam in Klei Hamikdosh 13:12 that there is a garment called an “Eifod Bod” which had important symbolic meaning; the Rambam says that we find in Tanach that many people who were not kohanim wore an Eifod Bod, and that it was a sign that the wearer was in a state of preparation for hashro’as hashechina. This is found in Shmuel I 22 regarding the residents of Nov, and also that Shmuel Hanovi wore it, and that Dovid Hamelech wore it when the Aron was brought to Ir Dovid, as described in today’s haftorah. (I do not know whether the Chaluk Lovon is the same as the Eifod Bod, but maybe it is. Also, see Shelah in Torah Shebiksav Shovevim Tetzaveh, that has an entirely different mehalach in the Chaluk Lavan.)
The Rebbe’s theme is that the simcha of Dovid had two stages: first, to be zocheh to hashro’as hashechina, so it says “lifnei Hashem,” and second just out of unbridled joy, wild abandon. When Dovid told Michal that this was the reason he was chosen over Shaul, he meant that Shaul was a determined rationalist, but Dovid was ‘avdi,’ he was subsumed in his avdus of Hashem, and that it was that avdus that expressed itself in his joy. (The Rebbe goes on to say that this is the reason they ignore the halacha in Shulchan Aruch by banging the table to the beat of the song when they dance on Shabbos and Yomtov, which he himself says is indefensible “al pi nigleh.)
This can be related to the parsha by showing that Nodov and Avihu, according to some Medrashim, were motivated by a burning desire, a ‘hislahavus,’ to do certain avodos themselves. This emotional desire ended badly. And when Shaul, the rationalist, “mishichmo ulemaloh govo’ah mikol ho’om,” felt pity, it was misapplied to Agag. So we can see that there are dangers both in rationalism and in enthusiasm. But they are both valid, even essential, ways of serving Hashem. In fact, when Dovid said, in a Haftorah a few weeks ago, “mikaf oyvov umiyad Shaul,” Hashem said, “you think I saved you because you are better than him? One hundred Dovids would not equal one Shaul. I did what I did because Shaul’s actions had that result.” And Dovid said “Shigoyon leDovid...Kush ben Yemini.” The point is that each is a way to gadlus, and each has its own dangers.
Shemini, Vayikra 9:7. Despair is No Excuse
Reb Chaim Volozhiner in Ru’ach Chaim on Ovos 4:1 says that the mussar haskeil is that a person cannot let regret for past failures and guilt for past sin stand in the way of his accepting and doing what he must do.
Teshuva, remorse, awareness of failure and imperfection, cannot be allowed to weaken a person. He always has to remember that Hashem gave him certain abilities and there are particular things that only he can accomplish in the world, and his past neither hinders his ability, nor does it relieve him of his duty, to do them. Your obligation to fulfill your duty is not so that you can be rewarded for a job well done, it is what you must do as a creation of the Ribono shel Olam. It doesn't matter if you are unredeemably worthless, it doesn't matter if your life amounts to nothing but failure. Your personal despair does not relieve you of your duty. You are in this world to do something, so do it.
Now, you have to remember that the death of Nadav and Avihu was, to some extent, a punishment for ויחזו את האלוקים ויאכלו וישתו, but Hashem put it off shelo le’arveiv es hasimcha. (Brought below in 10:4- שאו את אחיכם וגו': כאדם האומר לחבירו העבר את המת מלפני הכלה שלא לערבב את השמחה:- from Rashi in Shemos 24:11- ויחזו את הא-להים: היו מסתכלין בו בלב גס מתוך אכילה ושתיה.) Now you see the this Medrash means to contrast Aharon against Nadav and Avihu. Nadav and Avihu were libam gaas, they were too comfortable with the hiskarvus to Hashem. This showed that they were unworthy, and ultimately caused their death. Aharon, on the other hand, demonstrated that he was very different. He felt, who am I to be miskareiv to Hashem? I am not worthy. Moshe told him it is davka because you feel unworthy that you are worthy. This lesson was, unfortunately, illustrated with the death of Nadav and Avihu immediately afterwards.
The great kashe here is this: when Moshe Rabbeinu, at the Sneh, was told to lead Klal Yisrael, he resisted for seven days, because he felt unworthy. Rashi there says that this excessive resistance resulted in his losing Kehuna and Malchus. Why the drastically different results for resisting? Aharon was chosen, Moshe was rejected! I don’t have a great teretz yet. Maybe pshat is that Moshe’s flaw was physical; being a chevad peh. Aharon’s was spiritual.