I saw that the Tallelei Oros brings from Reb Yerucham in the דעת חכמה ומוסר that the mitzva of Hochacha is primarily one of explaining, demonstrating, showing the other that what he did was wrong. It is not limited to preventing him from doing wrong in the future. He proves this from the story of Yonasan's reproof of his father Shaul for his hatred of David. I wasn't so nispa'eil from that proof, but not having seen it in the דעת חכמה ומוסר I don't know what else he says there.
But later I realized that he has to be right. We already know that there is a din of Arvus/Areivus, that makes us liable for the sins of others that we might have prevented- the failure to prevent or to protest creates a dinei shamayim liability similar to aiding and abetting in dinei adam. We learn this from the passuk in Devarim 29:28 that says הנסתרות לה' אלוקינו והנגלות לנו ולבנינו עד עולם. What does our passuk of Tochacha add to the general din of Arvus? It must be that Arvus only requires our intervention to prevent future aveiros, while the din of Tochacha adds an obligation to help our friends see that what they did in the past was wrong, even when there is no reason to think they will repeat that action.
Our Parsha also contains the passuk (19:32) מפני שיבה תקום והדרת פני זקן ויראת מאלהיך אני יה, which is the source of our mitzva to show honor to Talmidei Chachamim. A few days ago, two members of our community came over to me and expressed surprise about a story in the Gemara (Bava Metzia 84b) regarding Rebbi Elazar B'Rebbi Shimon:
כי הוה קא ניחא נפשיה אמר לה לדביתהו ידענא בדרבנן דרתיחי עלי ולא מיעסקי בי שפיר אוגנין בעיליתאי ולא תידחלין מינאי א"ר שמואל בר נחמני אישתעיא לי אימיה דרבי יונתן דאישתעיא לה דביתהו דרבי אלעזר ברבי שמעון לא פחות מתמני סרי ולא טפי מעשרין ותרין שנין אוגניתיה בעיליתא כי הוה סליקנא מעיננא ליה במזייה כי הוה משתמטא ביניתא מיניה הוה אתי דמא יומא חד חזאי ריחשא דקא נפיק מאוניה חלש דעתאי איתחזי לי בחלמא אמר לי לא מידי הוא יומא חד שמעי בזילותא דצורבא מרבנן ולא מחאי כדבעי לי
(...."Rebbi Elazar, anticipating his death, left instructions that he not be buried but rather that his body be placed in the attic of his house.. his body lay there for twenty two years... someone saw a worm leaving his ear and he became very upset, because the bodies of tzadikim are not subject to decay. Reb Elazar appeared to him in a dream and explained that this was a specific punishment for having overheard someone denigrating a talmid chacham and not protesting as vociferously as he should have.")
The story in Bava Metzia is echoed in Rashi in Sanhedrin 44b, who says the following:
The story in Bava Metzia is echoed in Rashi in Sanhedrin 44b, who says the following:
מעשה במוכס אחד ישראל רשע אחד שמת ובו ביום מת אדם גדול בעיר ובאו כל בני העיר ונתעסקו במטתו וקרובי אותו מוכס הוציאו גם את מטת המוכס אחריו וקפצו עליהם אויבים והניחו המטות וברחו והיה שם תלמיד אחד שישב לו עם מטת רבו לאחר זמן חזרו גדולי העיר לקבור את החכם ונתחלפ' להם מטתו בשל מוכס והיה אותו תלמיד צועק ולא הועיל וקרובי המוכס קברו את החכם ונצטער בה אותו תלמיד מאד מה חטא גרם ליקבר זה בבזיון ומה זכה אותו רשע ליקבר בכבוד גדול כזה. נראה לו רבו בחלום ואמר לו אל תצטער בא ואראך בכבודי בגן עדן בכבוד גדול ובא ואראך אותו האיש בגיהנם וציר של פתח גיהנם סובב באזניו אבל פעם אחת שמעתי בגנות תלמידי חכמים ולא מחיתי ולכך נענשתי וזה פעם אחת הכין סעודה לשר העיר ולא בא שר העיר וחילקה לעניים וזה היה שכרו
(A wicked man died on the same day as a righteous man. All the townspeople involved themselves in the funeral of the righteous man, and the wicked man's relatives made a funeral for him as well. As the two funerals proceeded, they were accosted by thieves and ran away, and by the time they returned, they confused the two coffins. Only a student of the righteous man realized what had happened, but his cries and pleading were ignored, and the crook received great honor, while the tzadik was thrown into a hole. His rebbi appeared to him in a dream and explained that this was his punishment for not protesting when someone derided a talmid chacham, while the rasha once gave a meal that would otherwise have gone to waste to the poor.)
They were wondering why a bystander would be obligated to mix in to someone else's conversation.
They were wondering why a bystander would be obligated to mix in to someone else's conversation.
I think it is clear that there are three dinim that obligate us to mix into other people's business and protest their disparagement of a Talmid Chacham:
- We are obligated to honor Talmidei Chachamim. The Gemara tells us that the honor of a Talmid Chacham is comparable to Kvod Shamayim, and the Gemara in Nedarim 7b says אמר רב חנין אמר רב השומע הזכרת השם מפי חבירו צריך לנדותו ואם לא נידהו הוא עצמו יהא בנידוי- one who hears another say Hashem's name in vain is obligated to excommunicate the malefactor, and if he does not, he himself ought to be in Cherem; the positive requirement to honor Hashem demands that you stand up for Kvod Shamayinm. Silence, indifference itself, is inherently disrespectful and transgresses the mitzva. I assume the same applies to Kibbud Av V'Eim and to Mora Mikdash;
- the din of Arvus, which creates a parallel between a failure to prevent or protest and participation,
- and our parsha's din that we may not stand silent when we hear about or see the transgression of any issur.
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