Divrei Torah of lasting value that require some thought. Established Ellul 5766/September 2006
Monday, November 10, 2014
The Perfect Mug for a Daf Yomi Shiur in Yevamos
The mug was the gift of a dear departed member of the shiur, Larry Wilk, some ten years ago, and I picked up the foam can holder at the dollar store. Together, perfect. The only changes I would make would be to remove the exclamation point, because it's מעשים בכל יום; and improve the parallel structure by making it more Yeshivish- "I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you."
All kidding aside, it's important to remember that if you really want to grasp the concepts, to make them your own, you have to be willing to put in extra time. The shiur is simply not enough.
It's Not Ruach HaKodesh
Someone showed me an article this morning that went something like this, changed only to the extent necessary to avoid copyright infringement:
Last week, the mentor of a group of Baalei Teshuva from the US brought them to Rav Aharon Leib Shteinman's house for Chizuk. Rav Shteinman spoke to them, and then turned to the man who had brought them in and said that two of the visitors did not have a proper bris milah and they should see to it that they have it done al pi halacha.
When this was conveyed to the visitors, two of them said that when they were born, their bris had been done in the hospital by a non-Jewish physician. Indeed, the halacha is that in such a case, an additional minor procedure has to be done.
Rav Eliahu Mann, who learns with Rav Chaim Kanievsky, related this story to his chavrusa, and asked if this demonstrates that Rav Steinman has Ruach HaKodesh.
Harav Kanievsky responded that Harav Steinman certainly does have Ruach HaKodesh, but this story does not prove it, because "one can tell just by looking at someone's face whether he has a proper bris milah."
I had a similar experience with Harav Yitzchak Grodzinsky many years ago. Harav Grodzinsky, the son of Harav Avraham Grodzinsky, the last mashgiach in Slabodka (Litteh) is very close with my family. Thirty five years ago, he visited me at my apartment in Baltimore. As we sat in the dining room, he pointed to the mezuza on the door to the kitchen and said that he thinks it might be on the wrong side of the door. I ignored him, because it was obvious to me that it was exactly where it belonged.
Two weeks later, I noticed that the bottom nail of the mezuza case was missing, and I needed to put another nail in. As I started moving the case around in order to nail it in, I realized that there was no klaf in the case. The Klaf was simply missing.
I have no idea what happened to the klaf. I bought it from a sofer, I put it up myself, and where it disappeared to I have no idea. But lemaiseh, it was not there. As far as the halacha of where to place the mezuza, I was 100% right. But only Rav Grodzinsky looked at it and knew there was something wrong with it. I suppose it's the same thing. It's not ruach hakodesh. It's just a matter of having spiritual eyes.
There are many stories like this- where people were amazed at a talmid chacham's seeming supernatural awareness that they think is Ruach HaKodesh, but actually is just the result of being a maamin and talmid chacham. The father of these stories is in Brachos 34a,
Then there is the famous story about Reb Shlomo Kluger, that they say over in Parshas Vayeira.
Rav Micha Berger sent in an excellent he'ara. He said that הא גופא- if you can see in a person's face whether he has a kosher bris milah, that is ruach hakodesh! I responded that he is not seeing the man's neshama, he is just seeing his face, but if you have a refined and thorough kedusha, you become sensitive to things others do not see. A person with a kosher bris, apparently, has a different face, but only a holy person can see that difference. It's like fragrance and taste. A professional "nose" will discern things we are totally unaware of, and a taster will tell you that the milk in the milk chocolate was not perfectly fresh. We find this concept in the Gemara. For example, Chagiga 12b:
The problem is that most of us are so insensitive that we simply don't recognize it when it's in front of us. עינים להם ולא יראו. A film of pritzus and nonsense obscures our vision.
It kind of reminds me of the Gemara in Brachos 58a about poor, blind, Rav Sheishes. Poor, blind, Rav Sheishes could see better than some people with 20/20 eyesight.
UPDATE:
I mentioned this discussion to Rabbi Shlomo Tennenbaum, (a landmark on the spiritual terrain of psak and yiras shamayim here in Chicago,) and he told me that this question was once asked in a sefer called Divrei or Dvar Yehoshua, from a Rav Aharonson in Tel Aviv- he asked, how could the Arizal identify graves in the Galil, if this has halachic relevance, when there's a לא בשמים היא issue. He answers that identifying the location of the grave of a tzadik can be done with our physical eyes, if only our eyes were not dimmed by the other things we see and the things we do. It is not Ruach HaKodesh. It's preternatural, not supernatural. (Parenthetically, I want to mention that there are other ways to answer the question about the Arizal- for example, the famous discussion as to whether לא בשמים היא applies to determinations of fact. See Maharitz Chiyus in his תורת הנביאים where he says a navi can determines facts even when the facts affect halacha. Reb Elchonon in Kovetz Shiurim and the Torah Temima also say this is true. However, not all agree. Lo zu mekomo.)
Reb Micha also pointed out that the Litvishe derech is not interested in metaphysical abilities; we are only concerned that we should grow in middos and Torah, and an interest in other things distracts from what is really important. He's right. (I remember how surprised I was to hear from my mother that her father, Harav Akiva Berlin HY"D, of the great talmidim of the Talmud Torah in Kelm, was considered to be a baal mofeis by Jews and Goyim alike.) When I was growing up, I would often hear from my father some variation of "Who cares that ploni is a baal mofeis? Ehr kehn gut lehrnen!" So I agree with Reb Micha. But Rav Kanievsky's response is good anyway.
Last week, the mentor of a group of Baalei Teshuva from the US brought them to Rav Aharon Leib Shteinman's house for Chizuk. Rav Shteinman spoke to them, and then turned to the man who had brought them in and said that two of the visitors did not have a proper bris milah and they should see to it that they have it done al pi halacha.
When this was conveyed to the visitors, two of them said that when they were born, their bris had been done in the hospital by a non-Jewish physician. Indeed, the halacha is that in such a case, an additional minor procedure has to be done.
Rav Eliahu Mann, who learns with Rav Chaim Kanievsky, related this story to his chavrusa, and asked if this demonstrates that Rav Steinman has Ruach HaKodesh.
Harav Kanievsky responded that Harav Steinman certainly does have Ruach HaKodesh, but this story does not prove it, because "one can tell just by looking at someone's face whether he has a proper bris milah."
I had a similar experience with Harav Yitzchak Grodzinsky many years ago. Harav Grodzinsky, the son of Harav Avraham Grodzinsky, the last mashgiach in Slabodka (Litteh) is very close with my family. Thirty five years ago, he visited me at my apartment in Baltimore. As we sat in the dining room, he pointed to the mezuza on the door to the kitchen and said that he thinks it might be on the wrong side of the door. I ignored him, because it was obvious to me that it was exactly where it belonged.
Two weeks later, I noticed that the bottom nail of the mezuza case was missing, and I needed to put another nail in. As I started moving the case around in order to nail it in, I realized that there was no klaf in the case. The Klaf was simply missing.
I have no idea what happened to the klaf. I bought it from a sofer, I put it up myself, and where it disappeared to I have no idea. But lemaiseh, it was not there. As far as the halacha of where to place the mezuza, I was 100% right. But only Rav Grodzinsky looked at it and knew there was something wrong with it. I suppose it's the same thing. It's not ruach hakodesh. It's just a matter of having spiritual eyes.
There are many stories like this- where people were amazed at a talmid chacham's seeming supernatural awareness that they think is Ruach HaKodesh, but actually is just the result of being a maamin and talmid chacham. The father of these stories is in Brachos 34a,
תנו רבנן: מעשה שחלה בנו של רבן גמליאל, שגר שני תלמידי חכמים אצל רבי חנינא בן דוסא לבקש עליו רחמים. כיון שראה אותם עלה לעלייה ובקש עליו רחמים. בירידתו, אמר להם: לכו - שחלצתו חמה. אמרו לו: וכי נביא אתה? אמר להן: לא נביא אנכי ולא בן נביא אנכי, אלא כך מקבלני: אם שגורה תפלתי בפי - יודע אני שהוא מקובל, ואם לאו - יודע אני שהוא מטורף. ישבו וכתבו וכוונו אותה שעה. וכשבאו אצל רבן גמליאל, אמר להן: העבודה! לא חסרתם ולא הותרתם, אלא כך היה מעשה, באותה שעה חלצתו חמה ושאל לנו מים לשתות
Then there is the famous story about Reb Shlomo Kluger, that they say over in Parshas Vayeira.
כאשר עלה ר' שלמה קלוגר לכהן ברבנות בעיר ברוד כיבדו אותו בסנדקאות, וראה שמחכים שם ולא ידע למה, שאל אותם למי מחכים עוד, אמרו לו שהאב של הרך הנימול חולה מסוכן והולך למות רח"ל, ולכן מחכים שיוכלו ליתן שמו של הילד על שם אביו המת, וצוה עליהם ר' שלמה שיעשו מיד הברית ולא ימתינו, ואכן מיד לאחר כן הבריא האב לגמרי, והעולם תמהו על הנס הזה, ואמר להם ר' שלמה קלוגר שזה אינו מופת אלא שלקחתי זאת מפרשתנו, שבאו שלושה מלאכים ומלאך אחד בא גם לרפאות את אברהם וגם להציל את לוט שהצלה ורפואה דבר אחד הוא, והשאלה היא, וכי חסר מלאכים למעלה שיבואו שתים אחד לרפאות ואחד להציל, רק התירוץ הוא, שללוט לא היה כלל זכות שיבא אליו מלאך במיוחד להצילו, ורק כיון שכבר בא מלאך לרפאות את אברהם יכול היה כבר גם להציל את לוט, גם כאן כן הוא, שבשביל האב של הרך הנימול לא היתה זכות שיבוא מלאך מיוחד לרפאותו, ומכיון שכבר בא מלאך הברית לצורך הברית, התפללתי שמלאך הברית ירפא באותה הזדמנות גם את האב
Rav Micha Berger sent in an excellent he'ara. He said that הא גופא- if you can see in a person's face whether he has a kosher bris milah, that is ruach hakodesh! I responded that he is not seeing the man's neshama, he is just seeing his face, but if you have a refined and thorough kedusha, you become sensitive to things others do not see. A person with a kosher bris, apparently, has a different face, but only a holy person can see that difference. It's like fragrance and taste. A professional "nose" will discern things we are totally unaware of, and a taster will tell you that the milk in the milk chocolate was not perfectly fresh. We find this concept in the Gemara. For example, Chagiga 12b:
אמר ריש לקיש כל העוסק בתורה בלילה חוט של חסד משוך עליו ביום שנאמר יומם יצוה הי חסדו ומה טעם יומם יצוה הי חסדו משום ובלילה שירה עמי
and the passuk in Koheles 8:1, חכמת אדם תאיר פניו. The Ramban also says this in Bereishis 5:1 on זה ספר תולדות אדם. Speculatively, it could be that this is the yesod of the limud in Yechezkel that an arel has a din of Baal Mum regarding kodshim (Zevachim 22b, and see Magen Avraham 128:sk54 and Igros OC II 33:2.)The problem is that most of us are so insensitive that we simply don't recognize it when it's in front of us. עינים להם ולא יראו. A film of pritzus and nonsense obscures our vision.
It kind of reminds me of the Gemara in Brachos 58a about poor, blind, Rav Sheishes. Poor, blind, Rav Sheishes could see better than some people with 20/20 eyesight.
רב ששת סגי נהור הוה הוו קאזלי כולי עלמא לקבולי אפי מלכא וקם אזל בהדייהו רב ששת אשכחיה ההוא צדוקי אמר ליה חצבי לנהרא כגני לייא אמר ליה תא חזי דידענא טפי מינך חלף גונדא קמייתא כי קא אוושא אמר ליה ההוא צדוקי אתא מלכא אמר ליה רב ששת לא קאתי חלף גונדא תניינא כי קא אוושא אמר ליה ההוא צדוקי השתא קא אתי מלכא אמר ליה רב ששת לא קא אתי מלכא חליף תליתאי כי קא שתקא אמר ליה רב ששת ודאי השתא אתי מלכא אמר ליה ההוא צדוקי מנא לך הא אמר ליה דמלכותא דארעא כעין מלכותא דרקיעא דכתיב צא ועמדת בהר לפני ה' והנה ה' עובר ורוח גדולה וחזק מפרק הרים ומשבר סלעים לפני ה' לא ברוח ה' ואחר הרוח רעש לא ברעש ה' ואחר הרעש אש לא באש ה' ואחר האש קול דממה דקה כי אתא מלכא פתח רב ששת וקא מברך ליה אמר ליה ההוא צדוקי למאן דלא חזית ליה קא מברכת ומאי הוי עליה דההוא צדוקי איכא דאמרי חברוהי כחלינהו לעיניה ואיכא דאמרי רב ששת נתן עיניו בו ונעשה גל של עצמות
UPDATE:
I mentioned this discussion to Rabbi Shlomo Tennenbaum, (a landmark on the spiritual terrain of psak and yiras shamayim here in Chicago,) and he told me that this question was once asked in a sefer called Divrei or Dvar Yehoshua, from a Rav Aharonson in Tel Aviv- he asked, how could the Arizal identify graves in the Galil, if this has halachic relevance, when there's a לא בשמים היא issue. He answers that identifying the location of the grave of a tzadik can be done with our physical eyes, if only our eyes were not dimmed by the other things we see and the things we do. It is not Ruach HaKodesh. It's preternatural, not supernatural. (Parenthetically, I want to mention that there are other ways to answer the question about the Arizal- for example, the famous discussion as to whether לא בשמים היא applies to determinations of fact. See Maharitz Chiyus in his תורת הנביאים where he says a navi can determines facts even when the facts affect halacha. Reb Elchonon in Kovetz Shiurim and the Torah Temima also say this is true. However, not all agree. Lo zu mekomo.)
Reb Micha also pointed out that the Litvishe derech is not interested in metaphysical abilities; we are only concerned that we should grow in middos and Torah, and an interest in other things distracts from what is really important. He's right. (I remember how surprised I was to hear from my mother that her father, Harav Akiva Berlin HY"D, of the great talmidim of the Talmud Torah in Kelm, was considered to be a baal mofeis by Jews and Goyim alike.) When I was growing up, I would often hear from my father some variation of "Who cares that ploni is a baal mofeis? Ehr kehn gut lehrnen!" So I agree with Reb Micha. But Rav Kanievsky's response is good anyway.
Friday, November 7, 2014
Vayeira. The Emotions and Motivations of the Avos
Someone asked me this week about the relationship between Avraham Avinu and Sara Imeinu. Educators tell us that there is no such thing as a foolish question. I think that might be true, but educators will agree that there is such a thing as a fool. A fool is entitled to ask questions, but a fool he remains.
We find the term אהבה used in regard to the Avos several times, For example,
Avraham/Yitzchak- ויאמר קח נא את בנך את יחידך אשר אהבת את יצחק,
Yitzchak/Rivka- ויקח את רבקה ותהי לו לאשה ויאהבה וינחם יצחק אחרי אמו,
Yaakov/Rachel- ויאהב יעקב את רחל,
and
Yaakov/Yosef- וישראל אהב את יוסף מכל בניו כי בן זקנים הוא לו.
Despite the use of the word, it is absurd to read it as if the word meant to them what it means to us. Attributing emotions and motivations as we experience them to the Avos is simply wrong. Just because the same word is used, it does not necessarily mean the same thing, just as we cannot confuse שכל and שכלות (more commonly, סכלות)
Shabbos 112b,
Sanhedrin 102b, regarding Menashe, that calling him an equal was a chutzpah. Rav Ashi referred to him as "Chavrin," and he was shown that this was totally inappropriate, that he should have realized that Menasheh was far greater than him in Torah. Rashi-
Another example from Rabbeinu Bachay (Bereishis 29:21.):
Same thing with Shammai and Hillel, Reb Zeira and Rav Yirmiah, Abayei and Rava. Only a naar would say that Shammai was short tempered by nature, and Hillel long suffering. Shammai and Hillel carefully and objectively chose their ways to serve the Ribono shel Olam, they chose their individual paths to perfection. One chose the path of Middas HaDin, and the other chose the path of Middas HaRachamim.
Reb Moshe Feinstein rebuked me when I asked him is he was hungry. He responded that he is never "hungry." When it is time to eat he eats, and when it is not time to eat, he does not eat. What I should have asked was "Can I give the Zeideh something to eat?"
So it would be foolish to even discuss a question like "Did Avraham Avinu love his wife Sarah Imeinu." Can a malach love someone? Doesn't perfect love for, and fear of, the Ribono shel Olam, mean that any human emotions lose any recognizable meaning? A malach's experience is so vastly removed from ours that to use the term "love" for that relationship would be like describing a sefer Torah by its weight. But, you say, perhaps the love of the Avos is for the Tzelem Elokim that every person has within himself! That is certainly true, but your wife and son don't have more tzelem elokim than the Hottentot in Africa, so the special love is not for the tzelem elokim.
I know that modern writers, in the tradition of the Haskala, talk about emotions, motivation, and analysis, as if we could lie the Avos HaOlam down on a couch and help them with their issues and family dynamics. To put it mildly, Chazal do not agree.
We find the term אהבה used in regard to the Avos several times, For example,
Avraham/Yitzchak- ויאמר קח נא את בנך את יחידך אשר אהבת את יצחק,
Yitzchak/Rivka- ויקח את רבקה ותהי לו לאשה ויאהבה וינחם יצחק אחרי אמו,
Yaakov/Rachel- ויאהב יעקב את רחל,
and
Yaakov/Yosef- וישראל אהב את יוסף מכל בניו כי בן זקנים הוא לו.
Despite the use of the word, it is absurd to read it as if the word meant to them what it means to us. Attributing emotions and motivations as we experience them to the Avos is simply wrong. Just because the same word is used, it does not necessarily mean the same thing, just as we cannot confuse שכל and שכלות (more commonly, סכלות)
Shabbos 112b,
אמר ר' זירא אמר רבא בר זימונא אם ראשונים בני מלאכים אנו בני אנשים ואם ראשונים בני אנשים אנו כחמורים ולא כחמורו של ר' חנינא בן דוסא ושל רבי פנחס בן יאיר אלא כשאר חמורים
אמר למחר נפתח בחברין. נדרוש בחברינו שהיו תלמידי חכמים כמותנו ואין להם חלק לעתיד: א"ל. מנשה בחלום חברך וחברא דאביך אנן. כלומר וכי סבור אתה שנהיה חבירך וחבירי דאבוך:
ואבואה אליה - ...וידוע שאין הפרש אצל השכל בין אברי המשגל לשאר האברים, כגון הפנים והידים... וכיון שכן היו האבות שכליים כמלאכי השרת, אין לתמוה עליהם בדבר הזה, כי כל כוונתם בהשתמשם בכלי הגוף כדי להמשך אחר השכל, גם האמהות רחל ולאה שהיו מריבות זו עם זו על הפעולה הזאת הטבעית כל דבריהם היו מן המין הזה... לא היתה כונתן רדיפת התאוה חס ושלום, כי אם כוונת המצוה בלבד, כאשר ידעו בנבואה
Same thing with Shammai and Hillel, Reb Zeira and Rav Yirmiah, Abayei and Rava. Only a naar would say that Shammai was short tempered by nature, and Hillel long suffering. Shammai and Hillel carefully and objectively chose their ways to serve the Ribono shel Olam, they chose their individual paths to perfection. One chose the path of Middas HaDin, and the other chose the path of Middas HaRachamim.
Reb Moshe Feinstein rebuked me when I asked him is he was hungry. He responded that he is never "hungry." When it is time to eat he eats, and when it is not time to eat, he does not eat. What I should have asked was "Can I give the Zeideh something to eat?"
So it would be foolish to even discuss a question like "Did Avraham Avinu love his wife Sarah Imeinu." Can a malach love someone? Doesn't perfect love for, and fear of, the Ribono shel Olam, mean that any human emotions lose any recognizable meaning? A malach's experience is so vastly removed from ours that to use the term "love" for that relationship would be like describing a sefer Torah by its weight. But, you say, perhaps the love of the Avos is for the Tzelem Elokim that every person has within himself! That is certainly true, but your wife and son don't have more tzelem elokim than the Hottentot in Africa, so the special love is not for the tzelem elokim.
I know that modern writers, in the tradition of the Haskala, talk about emotions, motivation, and analysis, as if we could lie the Avos HaOlam down on a couch and help them with their issues and family dynamics. To put it mildly, Chazal do not agree.
Wednesday, October 29, 2014
Kollel Hora'ah
Mazal Tov!
Ten outstanding young scholars, every single one an accomplished talmid chacham of proven talent and drive, have enthusiastically committed themselves to an intensive four year program to become expert poskim and leaders. They have begun a program that covers kim'at all of Orach Chaim and Yoreh Dei'ah- including Issur v'Hetter, Taharas HaMishpacha, Mikvaos, Shabbos, Eiruvin, and Safrus.
This is not superficial memorization of lists of poskim. The learning is in the derech of the great Yeshivos of Litteh- Rishonim, achronim, and poskim with klorkeit and deep lomdus. Shiurim will be given by recognized Roshei Yeshiva, Morei Hora'ah and talmidei chachamim.
There will be monthly bechinos. Every good posek learns that hearing a question and knowing everything that is written is not enough. One has to understand the hidden truth behind the written words, and to discern that every question is just one line in a flowchart of circumstances and consequences that have to be addressed- and often, the person asking does not realize what he really should be asking. Accordingly, the bechinos will assume perfect knowledge of the apparent, and will test for the next level of understanding.
A prominent aspect of the training will be Shimush- they will be discuss and pasken actual she'eilos brought to the Beis Medrash. Besides shailos that are brought in person, the Roshei Kollel have a reputation in New York and New Jersey as "The Text-Message Poskim," and the chavrei hakollel will have plenty to deal with.
Additionally, they will be trained in leadership and counseling skills by individuals of demonstrated ability and national prominence.
Be'ezras HaShem, the Manhigim of the future.

Monday, October 27, 2014
Lech Lecha, Bereishis 13:7. Shepherds of Lot and Avraham, the Ketzos and Nesivos
Lot's shepherds of Lot grazed their flocks on land that belonged to the indigenous residents of the land of Canaan. Avram's shepherds rebuked them. Rashi, based on the Medrash Rabba here, says that Lot's shepherds claimed that Hashem's promise to give the land of Canaan to Avram's descendants justified their behavior. Since Avram was elderly and barren, Lot was the presumptive heir. As such, the land was his. Avram's shepherds disagreed because, as the passuk continues, the Canaanites and Perizzites dwelled in the land at that time, meaning that the transfer of ownership had not yet taken place. Until that transfer took place, it was owned by its inhabitants.
Bereishis 13:7
ויהי ריב בין רעי מקנה אברם ובין רעי מקנה לוט והכנעני והפרזי אז ישב בארץ
Rashi:
"ויהי ריב" - לפי שהיו רועיו של לוט רשעים ומרעים בהמתם בשדות אחרים ורועי אברם מוכיחים אותם על הגזל והם אומרים נתנה הארץ לאברם ולו אין יורש ולוט יורשו ואין זה גזל והכתוב אומר והכנעני והפרזי אז יושב בארץ ולא זכה בה אברם עדיין
Medrash Rabba 41:5
ויהי ריב בין רועי מקנה אברם ובין רועי מקנה לוט -- רבי ברכיה בשם רבי יהודה ב"ר סימון אמר: בהמתו של אברהם אבינו היתה יוצאה זמומה, ובהמתו של לוט לא היתה יוצאה זמומה. היו אומרים להם רועי אברהם: הותר הגזל?! היו אומרים להם רועי לוט: כך אמר הקב"ה לאברהם: לזרעך אתן את הארץ הזאת. ואברהם פרדה עקרה ואינו מוליד, למחר הוא מת ולוט בן אחיו יורשו, ואין אכלין, מדידהון אינון אכלין. אמר להם הקדוש ברוך הוא: כך אמרתי לו: לזרעך נתתי. אימתי? לכשיעקרו שבעה עממים מתוכה.
והכנעני והפרזי אז יושב בארץ -- עד עכשיו מתבקש להם זכות בארץ:
והכנעני והפרזי אז יושב בארץ -- עד עכשיו מתבקש להם זכות בארץ:
The Ramban does not accept that this would be even a superficially rational argument. The promise to Avram was to his seed, and Lot was his nephew, not his descendant. Instead, the Ramban reads the Medrash as saying that the shepherds of Lot misheard or misunderstood the promise to Avram- perhaps they understood it to be a gift to Avram's heir, whoever that will be.
Ramban:
ויהי ריב - כתב רש"י לפי שהיו רועיו של לוט מרעין בהמתם בשדות אחרים והיו רועיו של אברם מוכיחין אותם על הגזל והם אומרים נתנה הארץ לאברם ולו אין יורש ולוט יורשו ואין זה גזל והכתוב אמר והכנעני והפריזי אז יושב בארץ ולא זכה בה עדיין אברם ומדרש רבותינו הוא (ב"ר מא ה) ואני תמה כי המתנה שנאמרה לאברם לזרעו היתה שנאמר למעלה (יב ז) לזרעך אתן את הארץ הזאת והיאך יירשנו לוט אולי שמעו הרועים המתנה וטעו והכתוב אומר כי גם ללוט גם לאברם איננה עתה ולפי זה מה שאמר תחילה כי היה רכושם רב לאמר כי מפני הרכוש הרב לא ישא אותם הארץ והוצרכו רועי לוט להכניס מקניהם בשדות שיש להם בעלים וזאת סבת המריבה
It seems to me that the Ramban creates a bigger problem, a question that he implicitly asks but doesn't answer. If we seek an ostensibly valid basis for Lot's shepherds' assertion, why did they think that Hashem's promise made it Lot's or Avram's property immediately? It was a promise to give in the future. Until Hashem gives it, it belongs to the original owners. That is, indeed, how the Medrash learns the second half of the passuk- that Lot's shepherds were wrong, because the land was still inhabited- and owned- by the Canaanim. What was their rationale for ignoring the current inhabitants?
It is true that where a person gives a gift to A with the remainder to go to B, (אחריך לפלוני), the current user is said to have only the קנין פירות (usufruct) while the remainder man has the קנין הגוף. But that's only where the owner creates a trust, and transfers ownership to the קנין פירות and the קנין הגוף people. Here, no transfer was made; it was just a promise to give a gift in the future. Furthermore, the owner of the קנין פירות has an absolute right to undisturbed use of the פירות, despite the other's ownership of the קנין הגוף. The אחריך guy cannot even take things the first man has no intention of using.
Perhaps the pshat is that Lot understood the promise to mean that it would belong to them whenever they walked in and took it, that it created an immediate right to take possession of it; not that it was theirs as soon as it was promised, but that they had the right to take possession and make it theirs at will. But on what basis can we interpret Hashem's promise to mean that? What kind of pshat is the Ramban saying that אולי שמעו הרועים המתנה וטעו, they knew of the promise but made some kind of mistake? What does that mean, that they misunderstood it? Either they heard it, or they didn't. The Ramban is very shver.
The answer is that the argument between the shepherds of Lot and the Shepherds of Avram is exactly the same as the argument between the Ketzos in 278:15 and the Nesivos there in sk 11 regarding the status of an item after its owner swore that he would give it to another person, or makirei kehuna. Lot's shepherds held like the Ketzos, and Avram's shepherds held like the Nesivos.
Here is the relevant part of the Ketzos.
מסופקני באחד שנשבע ליתן מתנה לחבירו חפץ פלוני ומת המקבל קודם שהגיע המתנה לידו אם הוי ראוי לגבי בכור כיון דשבועה אינו עושה קנין, או נימא כיון דצריך לקיים שבועתו ואסור לו לחזור ה"ל החפץ שנשבע לתת לו כמו מוחזק. והנה יש ללמוד דבר זה דהוי מוחזק מדברי תוס' פ' יש נוחלין (ב"ב קכג, ב ד"ה הכא במכירי כהונה) וז"ל: בכל דוכתי עביד מכירי כהונה מוחזק בפ' כל הגט (גיטין ל, א) והיינו טעמא משום דזהו מתנה מועטת ואסור לחזור בו ואפי' בדברים בעלמא, ואע"פ שאם רצה לחזור בו יכול מכל מקום כל כמה דלא הדר ביה הוי כמוחזק עכ"ל. וא"כ מכ"ש בנשבע או נתן תקיעת כף ליתן חפץ פלוני דהוי מוחזק לגבי בכור
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ולעד"נ דודאי מכירי כהונה אינו אלא משום איסור וכמ"ש תוס' שזכרנו, אלא דהתם בב"מ דכבר תקפו כהן קודם שחזר תו ליתיה בחזרה כיון דמכירי כהונה חשיב כמו הבטחה שיתן לו כל המתנות וכבר תקפו תו ליתיה בחזרה כיון דכבר זכה בו, והוא הדין במתנה מועטת דיכול לחזור ואסור לו לחזור ואם הלך המקבל בעצמו ומשך תו ליתיה ברשותיה לחזור דהוי ליה כנותן לו רשות לזכות בו כיון דאסור לו לחזור ועמ״ש בשי׳ ר'ד סק'ג
Here is the Nesivos:
״עקצוה״ח שרצה ללמוד מהא דמכירי כהונה דהוי מוחזק משום דאסור לחזור בו משום דהוי כמתנה מועטת, א״כ ה״ה כשנשבע ליתן מתנה דהוי מוחזק אצל המקבל, ולפי״ז א״כ בכל מתנה מועטת ליהוי המקבל מוחזק
ולפענ״ד דעיקר הטעם דדוקא במתנות כהונה דהוא של כהן ואי תקפו כהן במכירי כהונה אינו חייב להחזיר כמבואר בתוס׳ ב״מ דף ז׳ בסוגיא דתקפו כהן, והטעם דמתנות כהונה של כהן הוא רק שיש לבעה״ב טובת הנאה בציווי רחמנא, וכיון דאסור לחזור בו נתבטל הטובת הנאה שנתנה לו רחמנא, דבמקום איסור לא נתנה לו רחמנא, וכיון שהוא אינו יכול לחזור והמקבל יכול לתקפו בע״כ של הנותן וכשיתקפהו יהי׳ שלו לגמרי לקדש בו אשה ולכל דבר הוי מוחזק, משא״כ בשבועה או בשאר מתנה מועטת דאפילו יתקפו ממנו לא יהי׳ שלו עד שיקנה לו בקנין, וכל זמן שלא נקנה לו בקנין לא יהי׳ שלו לא הוי מוחזק, ולדברים אלו כיון המהרי״ו בתשו׳ ס׳ ע״ד ע״ש״.
I'm not translating or explaining them, because if you're willing to accept that the machlokes ro'ei Lot and ro'ei Avram is the machlokes Ketzos and Nesivos, you've been in yeshiva long enough to be able to understand them yourself. Anyway, Reb Moshe Mordechai, in his introduction to his Levush Mordechai, says that once a yeshiva bachur can learn Gemara and Tosfos by himself, he should spend part of the day learning b'iyun, half of the day learning just Gemara without Tosfos for bekiyus, and an hour a day learning the Ketzos with a good chavrusa.
ושעה אחת ביום יקבע ללמוד קצות עם חבר כגילו שיש לו שכל ישר ובזה בע"ה יצליח הרבה
(Rav Shmuel Birnbaum of Mirrer Yeshiva NY said the same about the דברי יחזקאל- if you want to become a lamdan, his eitzah is to make a seder to learn the דברי יחזקאל.)
The only problem I have with the Ketzos is that he holds, in 241:4, that it is possible to have a full kinyan haguf lizman, unlike the Rosh and Ran in Sukkah that say that a kinyan lizman is meaningless and is just another way of saying "borrowed." (The Ketzos found a rishon that says like him, Rabbeinu Avigdor in the Teshuvos HaRosh, also found on the gilyon in our Yerushalmi in Orla daf 2- pointed out by Reb Chaim B.) Bishlema if, like the Rosh and Ran, a kinyan lizman is not a kinyan gamur, I could understand saying that if the kinyan is absolutely guaranteed to end at a certain point, the real baalim is the acharecha. But the Ketzos holds you can have a kinyan haguf gamur lizman, and it's hard to understand why the future change matters at all until the change occurs. But as far as the t'liyah on the machlokes Ketzos and Nesivos, the t'liyah is still excellent.
If, however, you want to know how the Ketzos understood Avraham Avinu's shittah, there are several ways to explain it.
1. The Rambam in the introduction to Mishnayos says (reconciling Brachos 4b and 7a) that a nevuah that was intended to be publicized that foretells a good thing is never retracted, even if the beneficiary of the nevuah sins and doesn't deserve it. Many rishonim disagree, including the Or Hashem (2:4:2) and the Abarbanel (al hatorah) and the Ramban (12:6). So it could be that Avraham Avinu held not like the Rambam, and there was a chance that the nevuah might not be fulfilled, lest he lose the zechus to inherit the land.
2. Avraham Avinu held that publication only matters when it is the beneficiary that hears of it. Since the beneficiary was the son he would have, who had not yet heard anything. Lot held that if anyone hears of the nevuah, it doesn't matter if it is the beneficiary or not, the nevuah will be fulfilled, and since Lot heard it, it was going to be fulfilled no matter what.
3. There is a big problem with the Ketzos. Bishlema by matnos kehuna, you can't benefit from them anyway, so there's no reason the Kohen shouldn't take them now. But by a shevua to give a gift, why can't you use it until you give it away, and if so, what right does the beneficiary have to take it before you decide to give it? How can the Ketzos compare them? Perhaps the answer is that when you swear to give an object away, any use that will diminish the value of the object contradicts the promise. But of course, if you could use the object before giving it away, the other person can't just take it. Also, it could be that the Ketzos is talking about a case where the owner has absolutely no intention of using the object before giving it away. If so, it could be that in our case, Lot's shepherds held that the Ketzos' rule applied, because the Knaanim were not using the fodder, and it would just go to waste. If so, the oath allowed them to take it, because taking it did not interfere with the temporary right of usage of the Knaanim. Avrohom Avinu, on the other hand, held that since the Knaanim could use it if they so chose, the fact that they weren't is not enough to apply the Ketzos. The same is true by the burial of Sarah, where Rashi says that Avrohom Avinu said that he had a right to take it- the Knaanim couldn't use it for anything but burial, and using it for burial would interfere with Avrohom's kinyan haguf by making it forever useless for Avrohom. This precluded them from using it as a cemetery; since it had no other possible use, the rule of the Ketzos did apply.
The only problem I have with the Ketzos is that he holds, in 241:4, that it is possible to have a full kinyan haguf lizman, unlike the Rosh and Ran in Sukkah that say that a kinyan lizman is meaningless and is just another way of saying "borrowed." (The Ketzos found a rishon that says like him, Rabbeinu Avigdor in the Teshuvos HaRosh, also found on the gilyon in our Yerushalmi in Orla daf 2- pointed out by Reb Chaim B.) Bishlema if, like the Rosh and Ran, a kinyan lizman is not a kinyan gamur, I could understand saying that if the kinyan is absolutely guaranteed to end at a certain point, the real baalim is the acharecha. But the Ketzos holds you can have a kinyan haguf gamur lizman, and it's hard to understand why the future change matters at all until the change occurs. But as far as the t'liyah on the machlokes Ketzos and Nesivos, the t'liyah is still excellent.
If, however, you want to know how the Ketzos understood Avraham Avinu's shittah, there are several ways to explain it.
1. The Rambam in the introduction to Mishnayos says (reconciling Brachos 4b and 7a) that a nevuah that was intended to be publicized that foretells a good thing is never retracted, even if the beneficiary of the nevuah sins and doesn't deserve it. Many rishonim disagree, including the Or Hashem (2:4:2) and the Abarbanel (al hatorah) and the Ramban (12:6). So it could be that Avraham Avinu held not like the Rambam, and there was a chance that the nevuah might not be fulfilled, lest he lose the zechus to inherit the land.
2. Avraham Avinu held that publication only matters when it is the beneficiary that hears of it. Since the beneficiary was the son he would have, who had not yet heard anything. Lot held that if anyone hears of the nevuah, it doesn't matter if it is the beneficiary or not, the nevuah will be fulfilled, and since Lot heard it, it was going to be fulfilled no matter what.
3. There is a big problem with the Ketzos. Bishlema by matnos kehuna, you can't benefit from them anyway, so there's no reason the Kohen shouldn't take them now. But by a shevua to give a gift, why can't you use it until you give it away, and if so, what right does the beneficiary have to take it before you decide to give it? How can the Ketzos compare them? Perhaps the answer is that when you swear to give an object away, any use that will diminish the value of the object contradicts the promise. But of course, if you could use the object before giving it away, the other person can't just take it. Also, it could be that the Ketzos is talking about a case where the owner has absolutely no intention of using the object before giving it away. If so, it could be that in our case, Lot's shepherds held that the Ketzos' rule applied, because the Knaanim were not using the fodder, and it would just go to waste. If so, the oath allowed them to take it, because taking it did not interfere with the temporary right of usage of the Knaanim. Avrohom Avinu, on the other hand, held that since the Knaanim could use it if they so chose, the fact that they weren't is not enough to apply the Ketzos. The same is true by the burial of Sarah, where Rashi says that Avrohom Avinu said that he had a right to take it- the Knaanim couldn't use it for anything but burial, and using it for burial would interfere with Avrohom's kinyan haguf by making it forever useless for Avrohom. This precluded them from using it as a cemetery; since it had no other possible use, the rule of the Ketzos did apply.
Sunday, October 12, 2014
Enough.
Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel recently printed an essay titled "Why I Hope to Die at 75" Emanuel is a highly intelligent man, and his essay cannot fairly be compressed, but the gist of it is that living past the age of 75 invites morbid incapacity and pain which burden the individual, his family, and his friends. Life is a process, and it is finite; by 75, one has achieved all he possibly can, and one's existence becomes an illustrated process of dying. Emanuel actively opposes legalizing euthanasia and suicide, but he will refuse tests, treatments, and therapies whose only purpose is to extend his life past the age of 75.
It would seem obvious that an Orthodox Jew could not possibly agree with him. Every moment of life is a precious opportunity to serve God and to serve our fellow man. The emulation of God through study and acts of kindness, and the purification of body and soul through prayer and study, are enhanced with age and experience. Ours is a religion that venerates זקנה- age and wisdom. Even suffering has its place in our life experience. Presuming that one's personal preference trumps God's gift of life seems audaciously pagan. Whether we desire לישב בשלוה or למות בשלוה, we recognize that our wishes and desires should be subservient to God's will.
(On a more esoteric level, the existence of elders improves society. The opportunity and responsibility to express selfless hakaras hatov, and the calming influence of the aged, contribute to a better world. This is obviously not demonstrable, and so it is irrelevant to anyone that doesn't realize it himself- it's "faith based.")
But we cannot dismiss his essay out of hand. There are numerous statements in Chazal that one might interpret as being congruent with his thesis. While we recognize that secularism is not an absolute barrier to the apprehension of truths, we begin with one essential axiom- that only the Torah can guide us to the comprehension of the truth, particularly in such important matters.
(Forgive the inappropriate interjection. While Emanuel's article is non-senescencical, it is not nonsensical.)
There are three aspects of human effectuation of change: desire, prayer, and act. Action to cause death is almost never allowed. In Parshas No'ach, the passuk says (Breishis 9:6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for in the image of God He made man. שפך דם האדם באדם דמו ישפך כי בצלם אלהים עשה את האדם. Given the emphatic and fundamental prohibition of homicide, is it theologically abhorrent to hope for death? As an introductory postulate, we assume that if hoping for death is theologically defensible, then prayer for death is equally legitimate. So we would state the question as follows:
Where one may not cause death by action, is it theologically defensible to desire or pray for death, his own or that of others.
To approach the question methodically, one must ask the following questions.
1. Let's start with diametrically opposed possibilities. Is prayer for death absolutely allowed without any restriction or special circumstances, or is it absolutely prohibited no matter how terrible the suffering is.
2. Neither of the diametrically opposed alternatives is correct, and prayer for death is only allowed under extreme circumstances. If so,
3. If prayer is allowed to alleviate suffering, what if the suffering of Person A is caused by Person B, and the only way to alleviate the suffering is if Person B dies- can one pray for the death of Person B?
Here are the places where Chazal seem to allow prayer or other types of metaphysical intervention that are intended to result in one's death. Each case involves emotional or physical distress; one must bear in mind that the circumstances and the degree and type of distress in these cases varies very widely, as outlined above.
It would seem obvious that an Orthodox Jew could not possibly agree with him. Every moment of life is a precious opportunity to serve God and to serve our fellow man. The emulation of God through study and acts of kindness, and the purification of body and soul through prayer and study, are enhanced with age and experience. Ours is a religion that venerates זקנה- age and wisdom. Even suffering has its place in our life experience. Presuming that one's personal preference trumps God's gift of life seems audaciously pagan. Whether we desire לישב בשלוה or למות בשלוה, we recognize that our wishes and desires should be subservient to God's will.
(On a more esoteric level, the existence of elders improves society. The opportunity and responsibility to express selfless hakaras hatov, and the calming influence of the aged, contribute to a better world. This is obviously not demonstrable, and so it is irrelevant to anyone that doesn't realize it himself- it's "faith based.")
But we cannot dismiss his essay out of hand. There are numerous statements in Chazal that one might interpret as being congruent with his thesis. While we recognize that secularism is not an absolute barrier to the apprehension of truths, we begin with one essential axiom- that only the Torah can guide us to the comprehension of the truth, particularly in such important matters.
(Forgive the inappropriate interjection. While Emanuel's article is non-senescencical, it is not nonsensical.)
_______________________________________________________
There are three aspects of human effectuation of change: desire, prayer, and act. Action to cause death is almost never allowed. In Parshas No'ach, the passuk says (Breishis 9:6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for in the image of God He made man. שפך דם האדם באדם דמו ישפך כי בצלם אלהים עשה את האדם. Given the emphatic and fundamental prohibition of homicide, is it theologically abhorrent to hope for death? As an introductory postulate, we assume that if hoping for death is theologically defensible, then prayer for death is equally legitimate. So we would state the question as follows:
Where one may not cause death by action, is it theologically defensible to desire or pray for death, his own or that of others.
_______________________________________________________
1. Let's start with diametrically opposed possibilities. Is prayer for death absolutely allowed without any restriction or special circumstances, or is it absolutely prohibited no matter how terrible the suffering is.
A. Always allowed:
Prayer is nothing more than asking God to do something. If God decides to do it, it is His will, He has decided it is the right thing. Prayer for death is not an interference with or a denial of God's will any more than prayer for healing or wealth or success. You present your petition, God decides whether to answer it.B. Never allowed:
i. God grants life, and it is a precious gift that enables us to fulfill our great destiny of serving Him and doing His will. Every moment of our lives there is a purpose for our existence, and every moment of our lives is a glorious opportunity. To disdain that gift is both the ultimate kefiyas tov and a dereliction of duty to our Master. If a person, at his penultimate moment, realizes that he needs to do teshuva, he can acquire his world to come in that one moment- and what a tragedy it would be if he died before that moment of supreme and eternal importance.
ii. Indirect causation of death is included in the prohibition against homicide. (Rambam 2 Rotzei'ach USh'N 2.) If a prayer to end a person's life is answered, the prayer is an indirect causation. The fact that God answered the prayer doesn't prove that you are not liable. God enabled man to choose to do good or to do bad, and one can do so physically or metaphysically. Perhaps prayer is just another means of doing things. Additionally, if I pray that a person's sins should be scrutinized by the heavenly court, and as a result he dies, then I caused his death.(I believe that while the "diametric" is not correct, the lomdus is useful in analyzing the opinions among the poskim brought below.)
2. Neither of the diametrically opposed alternatives is correct, and prayer for death is only allowed under extreme circumstances. If so,
A. What degree of suffering makes such prayers appropriate?
B. Does it matter whether the suffering is physical or mental?
C. Does it matter if the person might or might not recover?
D. Does it matter if the person will recover, but will suffer terribly until he does recover? And what does "recovery" mean in this context? Restoration to normal health, or a short extension of life (חיי שעה)?
3. If prayer is allowed to alleviate suffering, what if the suffering of Person A is caused by Person B, and the only way to alleviate the suffering is if Person B dies- can one pray for the death of Person B?
A. Would this be allowed where Person B is wicked and through malice or indifference is causing the suffering of Person A? (This is not limited to rotzchim. If you have babies, and share an apartment wall with someone that blasts punk rock every night at three a.m., and laughs at you when you beg him to lower the volume, you know what I mean.)
B. Would this be allowed even if Person B is innocent, but is the unwilling or unwitting cause of the suffering of Person A, which cannot be alleviated unless Person B dies?
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- Sotah 46b, on the residents of Luz, who were miraculously immortal so long as they stayed within the walls of their city. When one would become disgusted with his endless life, he would walk outside of the city and die.
היא לוז שצובעין בה תכלת, היא לוז שבא סנחריב ולא בלבלה, נבוכדנצר ולא החריבה, ואף מלאך המות אין לו רשות לעבור בה, אלא זקנים שבה, בזמן שדעתן קצה עליהן יוצאין חוץ לחומה והן מתים...
- Bava Metzia 84a, R’ Yochanan lost his mind in his grief over Reish Lakish’s death, the Chachamim asked Hashem for mercy (which, as Rav Waldenberg points out, does not necessarily mean they asked that he die- perhaps they asked that his suffering end. However, the Maharsha says they prayed that he die.) and he died:
נח נפשיה דר' שמעון בן לקיש והוה קא מצטער ר' יוחנן בתריה טובא אמרו רבנן מאן ליזיל ליתביה לדעתיה ניזיל רבי אלעזר בן פדת דמחדדין שמעתתיה אזל יתיב קמיה כל מילתא דהוה אמר רבי יוחנן אמר ליה תניא דמסייעא לך אמר את כבר לקישא בר לקישא כי הוה אמינא מילתא הוה מקשי לי עשרין וארבע קושייתא ומפריקנא ליה עשרין וארבעה פרוקי וממילא רווחא שמעתא ואת אמרת תניא דמסייע לך אטו לא ידענא דשפיר קאמינא הוה קא אזיל וקרע מאניה וקא בכי ואמר היכא את בר לקישא היכא את בר לקישא והוה קא צוח עד דשף דעתיה [מיניה] בעו רבנן רחמי עליה ונח נפשיה
- Taanis 23a, regarding Choni HaMe'agel. When he woke in a later generation and found nobody that recognized him or understood his teaching, he became distraught, asked for Hashem's mercy, and died.
.לא הימנוהו ולא עבדי ליה יקרא כדמבעי ליה, חלש דעתיה, בעי רחמי ומית
- The story of the prayer of Rebbi's housekeeper in Kesuvos 104a:.
ההוא יומא דנח נפשיה דרבי גזרו רבנן תעניתא ובעו רחמי ואמרי כל מאן דאמר נח נפשיה דר' ידקר בחרב סליקא אמתיה דרבי לאיגרא אמרה עליוני' מבקשין את רבי והתחתוני' מבקשין את רבי יהי רצון שיכופו תחתונים את העליונים כיון דחזאי כמה זימני דעייל לבית הכסא וחלץ תפילין ומנח להו וקמצטער אמרה יהי רצון שיכופו עליונים את התחתונים ולא הוו שתקי רבנן מלמיבעי רחמי שקלה כוזא שדייא מאיגרא [לארעא] אישתיקו מרחמי ונח נפשיה דרבי
The Gemara says that Rebbi's housekeeper, seeing him suffering, prayed that the Heavenly Court's wish that Rebbi should join them in Heaven should outweigh the prayers of the earthly court that wanted Rebbi to continue to live here on Earth. It seems, at first, to be a poor citation, because how do we know that "Rebbi's housekeeper" did the right thing? Is this any kind of citation to authority? But if you look at the Rosh in Moed Kattan 3:11, you will see that this woman was known for her wisdom and fear of God, to the extent that none of her contemporaries, which includes the members of Rebbi's family, were willing to presume they were superior to her:
והשפחה היתה בה חכמה יתירה ויראת חטא ולא רצו לשקול עצמם כנגדה.
- The Ran in Nedarim 40a.
כל שאין מבקר חולה אין מבקש עליו רחמים לא שיחיה ולא שימות
אין מבקש עליו רחמים לא שיחיה ולא שימות. נראה בעיני דה"ק פעמים שצריך לבקש רחמים על החולה שימות כגון שמצטער החולה בחליו הרבה ואי אפשר לו שיחיה כדאמרינן בפרק הנושא (כתובות קד.) דכיון דחזאי אמתיה דרבי דעל כמה זימנין לבית הכסא ואנח תפילין וקא מצטער אמרה יהי רצון שיכופו העליונים את התחתונים כלומר דלימות רבי ומש"ה קאמר דהמבקר חולה מועילו בתפלתו אפי' לחיות מפני שהיא תפלה יותר מועלת ומי שאינו מבקרו אין צריך לומר שאינו מועילו לחיות אלא אפי' היכא דאיכא ליה הנאה במיתה אפי' אותה זוטרתי אינו מהנהו:
- Rav Reuven Margalios in his Nefesh Chaya OC 292 directs us to the Yalkut in Mishlei 8:34, #943, about an aged woman that was tired of living. Rav Yosi ben Chalafta advised her to stop coming to shul every morning and evening, in which merit she apparently was living. She stopped doing it, and three days later she died.
אשרי אדם שומע לי. א"ר יהושע בן לוי לבניו אקדימו עולו אקדימו וחשיכו עולו לבי כנישתא כי היכי דתוריכו חיי ולמודייכו תתקיים בידייכו, א"ר חמא בר חנינא מאי קראה אשרי אדם שומע לי לשקוד על דלתותי יום יום וגו'.
אמר רב חסדא לעולם יכנס אדם שני פתחים לבית הכנסת ויתפלל שנאמר לשמור מזוזות פתחי, שני פתחים סלקא דעתך, אלא אימא שעור שני פתחים.
מעשה באשה אחת שהזקינה הרבה, באת לפני ר"י (הגלילי) בן חלפתא אמרה לו רבי זקנתי יותר מדאי ומעכשיו חיים של נוול הם שאיני טועמת לא מאכל ולא משתה ואני מבקשת ליפטר מן העולם, אמר לה במה הארכת כל כך ימים, אמרה לו למודה אני אפילו יש לי דבר חביב אני מנחת אותו ומשכמת לבית הכנסת בכל יום, אמר לה מנעי עצמך מבית הכנסת שלשה ימים זה אחר זה, הלכה ועשתה כן וביום השלישי חלתה ומתה, לכך אמר שלמה אשרי אדם שומע לי וגו', מה כתיב אחריו כי מוצאי מצא חיים
- It's not really germane, but there's a story in Sefer Chasidim (301) about a man who felt exactly like the women in the Yalkut Mishlei. He was sick of living, so he decided to stop doing Shnayim Mikra because the Gemara in Brachos says the reward for Shnayim Mikra is long life (Brachos 8a.) He was told that the Torah is not a vending machine, and he has to do mitzvos whether he wants the schar or not.
יהודי אחד לא היה קורא שנים מקרא ואחד תרגום שמאריכין לו ימיו ושנותיו, כי אמר אני קץ בחיי למה אקרא. א"ל החכם לא אמרו זה רק כנגד האוהבי חיים, אלא מעתה מה שכתוב אריכות ימים בכיבוד אב ואם ובמשקלות וכי בעבור זה יפטרו עמלים ומרי נפש שקצים בחייהם, אלא לא דברה תורה התוכחות שמי שאינו חושש בהם יעשה מה שלבו חפץ, ולא נאמרו הברכות על מי שאינו חושש בהם להיות פטור, שאין זה דומה לשכיר יום שאדם יכול לומר אם תעבדני בטוב אני אוסיף על שכרך, והשכיר יכול לומר איני חפץ לעבוד לך ואיני חפץ בשכירותיך, אלא לעבד קנין כספו דומה שאין העבד עושה תנאי לרבו, ועוד דומה לשורו וחמורו... לפי שנתן רשות לעשות טוב ורע וחפץ שיעשו רצונו על מנת שלא לקבל פרס, אלא כנגד האוהבים הנאות העולם והיראים מפני הפורעניות אמר הקב"ה עשו רצוני כדי שייטב לכם ולבניכם לעולם, ודברי תוכחות אם לא תעשו רצוני. אבל כנגד העושים מאהבה לא אמר שכרם כי אין קץ לשכרם. לכך יקרא אדם שנים מקרא ואחד תרגום לשם מי שאמר (שמות י"ג) "למען תהיה תורת ה' בפיך"... ומכל מקום הקב"ה יאריך ימיו ושנותיו, ואל יסמוך על תנאי... וכתיב (דברים י"ח) "תמים תהיה עם ה' אלקיך"
- It seems to me that we find something very similar in Parshas Be'haaloscha, Bamidbar 11:15, where Moshe Rabbeinu says to Hashem
ואם ככה את עשה לי הרגני נא הרג אם מצאתי חן בעיניך ואל אראה ברעתי.
Daas Zkeinim-
כי טוב לי למות מיד ולא להיות מתנונה והולך.
It is better that I die immediately, and not slowly waste away.
Netziv-
Kill me now when I am whole and healthy, like "hereg," which is not a result of illness. This will be a sign of Your favor, so that I don't undergo heartache and suffering.
Tur Ha'Aruch-
Tur Ha'Aruch-
הרגני נא הרוג. שתשלח אלי הורגים בחרב, כי טוב מותי, אפילו בחרב אדם, מחיי צער. אי נמי הרגני נא, המיתני, כמו ואנשיהם יהיו הרוגי מות (ירמיה יח, כא): ואל אראה ברעתי. כפשטה, טוב מותי ממה שאראה עצמי ברעה גדולה כזאת שאני בה
Better that I die, even by the sword. rather than a life of suffering....better that I die than to see myself in this terrible situation.
The Medrash Rabba in Devarim (9:9) has a similar story, but the circumstances of that story limit its relevance. There, Moshe was accepting the gezeira, not invoking it.
The Medrash Rabba in Devarim (9:9) has a similar story, but the circumstances of that story limit its relevance. There, Moshe was accepting the gezeira, not invoking it.
קְרָא אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אמר לפניו רבש"ע יטול יהושע ארכי שלי ואהא חי אמר הקדוש ב"ה עשה לו כדרך שהוא עושה לך מיד השכים משה והלך לביתו של יהושע נתיירא יהושע ואמר משה ר' בוא אצלי יצאו להלוך הלך משה לשמאלו של יהושע נכנסו לאהל מועד ירד עמוד הענן והפסיק ביניהם משנסתלק עמוד הענן הלך משה אצל יהושע ואמר מה אמר לך הדיבור א"ל יהושע כשהיה הדיבור נגלה עליך יודע הייתי מה מדבר עמך. אותה שעה צעק משה ואמר מאה מיתות ולא קנאה אחת ושלמה מפרשה (שיר ח, ו): "כי עזה כמות אהבה קשה כשאול קנאה". אהבה שאהב משה ליהושע ומה שקינא משה ביהושע כיון שקיבל עליו למות התחיל הקדוש ברוך הוא מפייסו אמר ליה חייך בעולם הזה הנהגת את בני אף לעתיד לבא על ידיך אני מנהיג אותן מנין שנאמר (ישעיה סג, יא): ויזכור ימי עולם משה עמו
- On the other end of this type of Tefillah, there is the famous story of Reb Meir in Brachos 10a,
הנהו בריוני דהוו בשבבותיה דר"מ והוו קא מצערו ליה טובא הוה קא בעי ר' מאיר רחמי עלויהו כי היכי דלימותו
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Based on these mekoros, there are poskim that apply this le'halacha.
- Tiferes Yisrael (Boaz) Yoma 8:7, based on the Ran:
והכי קי״ל בכל חולה דמותר להתפלל שימות היכא דמצטער טובא
- And the Aruch HaShulchan YD 335:3
ואמרו חכמינו ז"ל: כל המבקר את החולה ניצול מדינה של גהינם. ומה שכרו בעולם הזה? ה' ישמרהו מיצר הרע, ויחייהו מן היסורין, ויאושר בארץ שיהו הכל מתכבדים בו..., עיין שם. וכל המבקר את החולה גורם לו שיחיה, שמתפלל עליו שיחיה. וכל שאינו מבקר אין מבקש עליו רחמים, לא שיחיה ולא שימות. דלפעמים יש לבקש רחמים שימות, כגון שיש לו יסורים הרבה בחליו ואי אפשר לו שיחיה, כמעשה דרבי פרק "הנושא" (ר"ן שם
- Rav Chaim Falagi in his Chikekei Lev (YD I:50) says that while the sick person may ask for his own death, nobody else may do so. This is not a halacha concern, but he's afraid that such a prayer by others might be tainted by a hidden desire to free themselves from the physical and emotional exhaustion of dealing with the situation, or a desire to inherit his wealth.
On the other hand, most of our greatest contemporary poskim drastically limit the applicability of this approach.
- Reb Moshe in CM II:74 says that this is only allowed in a case where people who know their prayers are always accepted have already prayed for life and their prayers were not answered. He says while he does not know of anyone in our time that is on that madreiga, they may exist, but the halacha is only relevant to them.
- Rav Wosner in his Sheivet HaLeivi 10:293 also says that this is not for the common man; only the greatest of the great can use this Ran, because who can know when there is no hope, when the end is inevitable. He says this in 10:26 as well. I believe that this idea underlies Reb Moshe's psak as well.
- Rav Waldenberg in Tzitz Eliezer 5:Ramat Rachel and 9:47 says flat out that it's never muttar: He says that nobody paskens like the Ran, and all the rayos from the other Gemaros can be distinguished. After all is said and done, his psak is based on two things; that none of the great poskim bring it le'halacha, and that it is contrary to basic hashkafa as he understands it.
- Reb Shlomo Zalman in his Minchas Shelomo (1:91) does mention the Ran as a halacha, but only in passing, and not as the main focus of the teshuva. (ועוד יותר מזה נלענ"ד שאפילו אם החולה מצטער הרבה באופן כזה שמצד ההלכה מצוה לבקש עליו שימות, וכמו"ש הר"ן בנדרים דף מ' ע"א והובא גם בפוסקים...., מ"מ) Still, Reb Shlomo Zalman's dicta carry weight. Also, it is interesting that he cites the Ran le'halacha to the extent that it is not just a רשות but מצוה לבקש עליו שימות. (Similarly, see שערים המצויינים בהלכה סי' קצד סק"ב. Regarding the Gemara in Brachos 10a that אפילו חרב חדה מונחת על צווארו של אדם אל ימנע עצמו מן הרחמים, see ועלהו לא יבול, ח"ב עמ' קלב where Reb Shlomo Zalman is quoted as saying that once the knife is cutting, yiush makes sense.) In Shulchan Shlomo Tefilla 8 he is quoted as saying that even if one can say that statistics do not apply to Yidden (based on Reb Yonasan Eibeschitz's idea that the bracha of Rofei.. amo Yisrael hints at a special standard,) it is better not to be mispallel b'rabbim, because the most likely result is loss of faith in tefilla.
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Surprisingly, almost nobody brings a Maharsha that seems to be very relevant. The Gemara in Brachos 47a says that המאריך באמן יותר מדאי אינו אלא טועה, one that unduly elongates his "Amens" is making a mistake. The use of the word טועה is very unusual- we would expect the Gemara to say it's good or bad, kasher or passul. He explains that this builds on the previous Gemara that said that slowly enunciating Amen lengthen one's life; while one should hope for a good and full life, one must realize that an unduly long life is not a good thing. If he thinks that life is worth extending beyond a certain point, אינו אלא טועה, he is just making a mistake.
שהוא סבר שעל ידי שיאריך באמן יאריך ימים ושנים כדאמרי׳ בסמוך כל המאריך באמן מאריכין לו ימיו ושניתיו והוא טועה, דאריכות ימים ושנים יותר מדאי נמי אינן טובים כמ״ש והגיעו שנים אשר תאמר אין לי בהם חפץ
This Maharsha is particularly interesting in that he apparently rejects the postulate I stated toward the beginning of this discussion. I said that "if hoping for death is legitimate (al pi hashkafa yeshara,) then prayer for death is equally legitimate." The Maharsha contradicts that postulate. In Nedarim 40, the Maharsha strongly disagrees with the Ran there, and says that the idea of prayer for death is unacceptable- דודאי מאן דסני ליה חדי בליבי' אבל שיבקש רחמי שימות הא פשיטא שגם השונא אינו עושה כן. But even though the Maharsha in Nedarim rejects the idea of prayer for death, in Brachos he says that it is natural and right for a person to hope that he die before suffering a wretched senescence. I imagine that this is why the Maharsha is not brought as a source in the question of prayer for death- the poskim hold that even if one may hope that his life should end, this does not prove that he may pray for his death.
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Dr. Emanuel absolutely opposes euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. The distinction between not wanting or making any effort to live, and suicide, is both prudent and reasonable. This concept is certainly present in Halacha. None of those we cited as allowing prayer for death would ever allow taking physical action to end a life, no matter how painful or miserable that life may be.
On that note, see Rav Carlbach's חבצלת השרון, פרשת וירא, page 190, where he brings several of our sources. At the end of the piece, he quotes someone he knows (ר"א פרישמן) as having suggested that this hangs on a machlokes between Reb Moshe and the Chazon Ish. The Chazon Ish (brought here below) in the last piece on Orach Chaim says that what we accomplish through tefilla is considered our act, a human act. Reb Moshe (OC 4:40:13,) on the other hand, says that Hashem's answers to a man's tefillos are not considered to have been done by that man. Applying this to our discussion, he says that according to the Chazon Ish that tefilla is considered to be a form of human action, it would be assur to pray for death, just as human action to hasten death is assur. According to Reb Moshe, that the result of tefilla is not considered human action, it would not be assur to pray for death.
With all due respect, and although I did mention this possibility in the initial formal presentation of the issues, I disagree with the way he presents this linkage, as clever as it is. The Chazon Ish and Reb Moshe are only arguing about whether the "bidei adam" of the one who prays takes away the problem of הכל ביד"ש חוץ מיראת שמים and satisfies the need that Yiras Shamayim be a product of בחירה. Second, the writer overstates his case- the Chazon Ish does not mean that the result of tefilla is considered to have been "done" by the person who was mispallel. This is not גירי דיליה, it's not גרמי, and it's even far from a גרמא. When you ask a third party for a favor, and he grants the favor, it is he that is doing it, not you, and the same is true when Hashem answers a tefilla. (Even if you hold that under certain circumstances יש שליח לדבר עברה באיסור רציחה, see Kiddushin 43a from Chaggai HaNavi and פרשת דרכים דרך האתרים דרוש ב, the Ribono shel Olam is not your Shaliach.) The way he says his pshat in the Chazon Ish, tefilla for death would be tantamount to Retzicha, and it would be hard to say that none of the Tanaim that we mentioned are mattir under some circumstances. While I agree that the tefilla might create guilt on your part, the result of the tefilla is certainly not your act. At most, it creates a moral liability, and Reb Moshe certainly could agree with that.
Chazon Ish:
'דברים ה׳ כ״ו מי יתן וגו', המקום ב״ה מניח את הבחירה ביד האדם, אבל האדם רשאי להכריח את רעהו לעבודתו ית
בין בכפי׳ בין בפיתוי ולא הוי ביטול הבחירה כיון דהמעשה עושה בבחירה וכל ישראל כאיש אחד והיינו מי יתן שיהי׳ בין צדיקי הדור משתדלים לקרה לה כל העם לעבודתו ית׳, אבל המקום ב״ה אינו נותן בלבם את הקירוב דא״כ לא יתיחס הדבר לברואיו, אמנם אם יש מתפלל לפניו ית׳ על הקירוב ותפלתו נשמעת, מתיחס הקירוב שעושה הקב״ה לברואיו, כיון שנעשה ע״י תפלת נברא, והיינו דאמרו ע״ז ה׳ א׳ היה להם לומר אתה תן ור״ל שעי״ז היה אפשר לו להקב״ה לעשות הקירוב כיון שהוא ע״פ תפלתם.
בתפלת ברוריה שישובו הרשעים בתשובה
ומה שתירץ כתר"ה על תפלת ברוריא על הרשעים שישובו בתשובה שהקשה מהרש"א בברכות דף ח בח"א הא הכל ביד"ש חוץ מיראת שמים דאולי ע"י תפלת האדם אין זה נקרא ביד"ש, הנה הוא דוחק גדול ולא מסתבר זה כלל דהא התפללה שהשי"ת יעשה שישובו בתשובה וזה הא תמוה מאחר דהוא בידי אדם, אבל צריך לומר שהתפלה היתה שלא יהא להם נסיונות וממילא ישובו שלא היו חוטאים אלא מחוסר פרנסה וכדומה, וגם שייך להתפלל שהשה'ת יזמין להם שישמעו
דברי מוסר מאנשים צדיקים וישובו עי"ז בתשובה וזה יותר נכון.
_______________________________________________________
.....די לחכי
All the above should be understood in light of the Gemara in Pesachim 49b that begins with the words מותר לנוחרו.
Thursday, October 2, 2014
Why Teshuva is so Important
In the last post, I brought down something Reb Itzaleh Peterberger said about the consequences of delaying Teshuva.
גופא מה שהאדם אינו עושה תשובה הוא חטא גדול וכמש״כ במדרש רבה הרי החתירה לפניך כו׳ והנה ביבמות (פ״ח ע״ב) מבואר מפני מה גרים בזה״ז מעונין ויסורין באין עליהן מפני ששהו להכנס תחת כנפי השכינה, והלא הדברים קו"ח ומה גרים שאין עליהם חיוב כלל להתגייר ואינם מחוייבים במצוות ובכ״ז אם נתגיירו הם מעוניו ומדוכין ביסורין בשביל ששהו עצמם להכנס תחת כנפי השכינה, א״כ ישראל שהוא מחויב בכל התורה ואם הוא חוטא א״כ אף אם עשה תשובה הלא יש עליו עוד תביעה מה ששהה להכנס תחת כנפי השכינה, ועל אחת כו״כ אם לא עשה תשובה כלל, הדבר נורא מאד. אשרי האיש הממהר לעשות תשובה
There are two things I'd like to add.
1. The Gemara in Zevachim 7b about a korban without teshuva- זבח רשעים תועבה. It appears from that Gemara that the given the simple fact that the person knows about the aveira, he knows he needs kapara, and he has not done teshuva, Chazal label him a רשע.
ואמר רבא עולה דורון היא היכי דמי אי דליכא תשובה זבח רשעים תועבה ואי דאיכא תשובה התניא עבר על מצות עשה ושב לא זז משם עד שמוחלים לו אלא ש"מ דורון הוא
2. (Also from Reb Itzaleh) The Gemara in Yoma 87a about the butcher that said "I have nothing to talk to you about,"
רב הוה ליה מילתא בהדי ההוא טבחא לא אתא לקמיה במעלי יומא דכפורי אמר איהו איזיל אנא לפיוסי ליה פגע ביה רב הונא אמר ליה להיכא קא אזיל מר אמר ליה לפיוסי לפלניא אמר אזיל אבא למיקטל נפשא אזל וקם עילויה הוה יתיב וקא פלי רישא דלי עיניה וחזייה אמר ליה אבא את זיל לית לי מילתא בהדך בהדי דקא פלי רישא אישתמיט גרמא ומחייה בקועיה וקטליה
You have to ask yourself, where did Rav learn that one should present himself to the one that wronged him, instead of waiting for him to come by himself to ask to be forgiven? And why did Rav Huna say "Abba is going to kill a man"? Why was it so pashut to Rav Huna that if Rav would present himself to the butcher, and the butcher would not ask mechila, he would die? And why, indeed, did the butcher die? Was his sin against Rav so severe? And if the offense against Rav was indeed so severe, why did he die davka after Rav presented himself? After asking these questions, think about what the Yaaros Devash (right in the beginning) says about this time of the year: וזהו ״דרשו ה׳ בהמצאו״ שהוא ממציא עצמו לנו טרם קראנו אליו. Whatever the pshat in the Gemara is, one thing is clear: when the Ribono shel Olam is ממציא עצמו לנו, ignoring the opportunity of the Aseres Yemei Teshuva and Yom Kippur is being like the taboch that said זיל, לית לי מילתא בהדך.
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