Many years ago, on a Yomtov, I had finally cornered one of my sons and he was about to get the punishment he had earned. He said to me, Daddy, you can't patch me today, it's Yomtov!
Whether it was the cleverness, or the coolness in the face of doom, he got away with it. This week, I discovered that he was probably right.
One difficult passuk in our parsha has elicited some very different explanations. In Shemos 35:3, it says לא תבערו אש בכל מושבותיכם ביום השבת. The problem is that lighting fires is one of the 39 melachos, so why does the Torah single it out. The Gemara Shabbas 70a and Yevamos 6b brings a machlokes Tanaim as to what the passuk teaches. הבערה ללאו יצאת דברי רבי יוסי ר' נתן אומר לחלק יצאת. Reb Yosi says that unlike other melachos on Shabbos that are capital crimes, lighting fires is a lesser aveira and only gets Malkos. Reb Nassan says that if not for this passuk we would have thought that the punishment for Chillul Shabbos only applies when one does all 39 melachos. This singling out of one the melachos shows us that each and every melacha is independent of the others both for punishment and for korbanos. This machlokes Tanaim appears and is used numerous times in Shas.
The Gemara in Yevamos 6b addresses the end of the passuk (בכל מושבותיכם) and uses it for an additional drasha. You might think that a person awaiting capital punishment might be executed on Shabbos (because of a kal vahomer from the avodah,) so this passuk tells us that Beis Din is not allowed to execute a criminal on Shabbos.
The Rambam (Lavin 322) enumerates this as an independent issur lav that counts towards the taryag mitzvos. In the Yad, Shabbos 24:7, he says that it even prohibits Malkos. Similarly, the Chinuch in 113 counts it as a separate mitzvah.
The Minchas Chinuch asks that just because the Torah prohibited capital punishment on Shabbos does not make it a separate lav. All that does is remove the hetter we might have applied based on the Kal Vachomer. Now that you have the passuk, all you know is that the general issur of Shabbos applies here. How does that make it a new lav? And he brings another question from the Magen Avraham in 339 sk3, who asks on the Rambam, what issur of chillul Shabbos is transgressed when you give malkos? The Magen Avraham suggests that Malkos causes bruising, which is chillul Shabbos.
But I saw that Reb Berel Povarsky (Bahd Kodesh here) answers both questions, and it's hard to disagree with him. He notes that the Chinuch ends by saying that
(I should point out that the Magen Avraham himself suggests this as a second teretz-
The problem with this pshat, and the obvious reason the Minchas Chinuch and the Magen Avraham did not assume it, is that it is strongly implied in the Gemara that the reason Beis Din is not ma'anish is because of the chillul Shabbos aspect, as the Magen Avraham points out. To improve Rav Povarsky's pshat, I would add that the Chinuch and the Rambam learned that the limud is not that we should ignore the kal vachomer and reinstate the general rule of issur chillul shabbos. The limud is that the kal vachomer that would be mattir is really true, and Retzicha would be docheh Shabbos BUT ONLY IF THERE WOULD BE A DIN OF BEING MA'ANISH ON SHABBOS. The chiddush of the drasha is that THERE IS NO DIN OF BEIS DIN BEIN MA'ANISH on Shabbos, and mimeila there is no kal vachomer, and that's why it's not docheh. Now that this is the case, of course it's a new mitzvah.
If anyone sees R Povarsky, please let him know that I dramatically improved his vort.
(Or the Rambam is going with the Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 4:6 that makes a general statement of "ein danin."
I said this over at the Kiddush this morning, and Rav Yitzchak Resnick said (implied) that I should be ashamed of myself if I think this is a chiddush. After all, the Ramah in OC 291:2 says, (based on many Medrashim and the Zohar that the fires of Gehenom do not burn on Shabbos,) (The Rama says something very similar in 295 regarding Maariv motzei Shabbos.)
I have to admit that R' Yitzchak is probably right. And so was my son, so many years ago. The truth is, it's pashut that he was right on Yomtov, because there's a din of simcha, and by punishing him I would be over on a bitul asei. But there is no din of simcha on Shabbos. (see note) Now, as it turns out, he was right both for Yomtov and for Shabbos. If Beis Din cannot give Malkos, when the Malkos is a din deoraysa, and was earned according to the psak of Beis Din, Kal Vachomer a parent can't give a child a patch on Shabbos.
UPDATE: Not only is R Yitzchak right, but I a friend sent me a video in which the speaker quotes a Chidah that uses our passuk to refer to the fire of Gehinom, but he says it doesn't stop burning unless the person himself was shomer Shabbos, and that the Baal HaTurim also makes the connection. Not at all my style, much too earnest. But you might like it. https://youtu.be/Ho-RhOHACTA
Whether it was the cleverness, or the coolness in the face of doom, he got away with it. This week, I discovered that he was probably right.
One difficult passuk in our parsha has elicited some very different explanations. In Shemos 35:3, it says לא תבערו אש בכל מושבותיכם ביום השבת. The problem is that lighting fires is one of the 39 melachos, so why does the Torah single it out. The Gemara Shabbas 70a and Yevamos 6b brings a machlokes Tanaim as to what the passuk teaches. הבערה ללאו יצאת דברי רבי יוסי ר' נתן אומר לחלק יצאת. Reb Yosi says that unlike other melachos on Shabbos that are capital crimes, lighting fires is a lesser aveira and only gets Malkos. Reb Nassan says that if not for this passuk we would have thought that the punishment for Chillul Shabbos only applies when one does all 39 melachos. This singling out of one the melachos shows us that each and every melacha is independent of the others both for punishment and for korbanos. This machlokes Tanaim appears and is used numerous times in Shas.
The Gemara in Yevamos 6b addresses the end of the passuk (בכל מושבותיכם) and uses it for an additional drasha. You might think that a person awaiting capital punishment might be executed on Shabbos (because of a kal vahomer from the avodah,) so this passuk tells us that Beis Din is not allowed to execute a criminal on Shabbos.
דתנא דבי רבי ישמעאל לא תבערו אש בכל מושבותיכם מה ת"ל מה ת"ל אי לרבי יוסי ללאו אי לר' נתן לחלק דתניא הבערה ללאו יצתה דברי ר' יוסי רבי נתן אומר לחלק ואמר רבא תנא מושבות קא קשיא ליה מושבות מה ת"ל מכדי שבת חובת הגוף היא וחובת הגוף נוהגת בין בארץ בין בח"ל מושבות דכתב רחמנא בשבת למה לי משום רבי ישמעאל אמר תלמיד אחד לפי שנאמר וכי יהיה באיש חטא משפט מות והומת שומע אני בין בחול בין בשבת ומה אני מקיים מחלליה מות יומת בשאר מלאכות חוץ ממיתת ב"ד או אינו אלא אפילו מיתת ב"ד ומה אני מקיים והומת בחול ולא בשבת או אינו אלא אפילו בשבת ת"ל לא תבערו אש בכל מושבותיכם ולהלן הוא אומר והיו אלה לכם לחוקת משפט לדורותיכם בכל מושבותיכם מה מושבות האמורים להלן בב"ד אף מושבות האמורים כאן בב"ד ואמר רחמנא לא תבערו
The Rambam (Lavin 322) enumerates this as an independent issur lav that counts towards the taryag mitzvos. In the Yad, Shabbos 24:7, he says that it even prohibits Malkos. Similarly, the Chinuch in 113 counts it as a separate mitzvah.
The Minchas Chinuch asks that just because the Torah prohibited capital punishment on Shabbos does not make it a separate lav. All that does is remove the hetter we might have applied based on the Kal Vachomer. Now that you have the passuk, all you know is that the general issur of Shabbos applies here. How does that make it a new lav? And he brings another question from the Magen Avraham in 339 sk3, who asks on the Rambam, what issur of chillul Shabbos is transgressed when you give malkos? The Magen Avraham suggests that Malkos causes bruising, which is chillul Shabbos.
But I saw that Reb Berel Povarsky (Bahd Kodesh here) answers both questions, and it's hard to disagree with him. He notes that the Chinuch ends by saying that
משרשי המצוה. שרצה השם יתברך לכבד היום הזה שימצאו בו מנוחה הכל, גם החוטאים והחיבים.
The "root" of the Mitzva is that Hashem wants to honor this day, that the guilty and the sinners too will find rest. The point is that it is a new issur, the issur for Beis Din to punish on Shabbos. Basically, the Magen Avraham's question answers the Minchas Chinuch's question. It's not merely a removal of a kal vachomer based hetter, it creates a new issur. That issur has nothing to do with whether some melacha is being transgressed. It's a new issur of punishing on Shabbos.(I should point out that the Magen Avraham himself suggests this as a second teretz-
כתב הרמב"ם פכ"ד אין עונשין בשבת שאע"פ שהעונש מ"ע אין דוחה שבת כיצד הרי שנתחייב מיתה או מלקות אין מלקין שנאמר לא תבערו אש וה"ה לשאר עונשין וכתב המ"מ שמנאה הרמב"ם במנין המצות ע"כ ובאמת במנין המצות סי' שכ"ב משמע דוקא בדבר שיש בו חילול שבת אסור מדאורייתא וכ"מ בגמ' שבת דף ק"ו גבי הבערה ע"ש ואפשר דבמלקות נמי איכא חילול שבת כגון שעושה חבורה וצ"ע ואפשר דמרבוי דקרא דבכל מושבותיכם נפקא לן שאין דנין כלל וצ"ע בסנה' דף ל"ה משמע דוקא בדבר שיש בו חילול שבת וכ"מ בתו' שם ודיני ממונות אין דנין גזירה שמא יכתוב:)
The problem with this pshat, and the obvious reason the Minchas Chinuch and the Magen Avraham did not assume it, is that it is strongly implied in the Gemara that the reason Beis Din is not ma'anish is because of the chillul Shabbos aspect, as the Magen Avraham points out. To improve Rav Povarsky's pshat, I would add that the Chinuch and the Rambam learned that the limud is not that we should ignore the kal vachomer and reinstate the general rule of issur chillul shabbos. The limud is that the kal vachomer that would be mattir is really true, and Retzicha would be docheh Shabbos BUT ONLY IF THERE WOULD BE A DIN OF BEING MA'ANISH ON SHABBOS. The chiddush of the drasha is that THERE IS NO DIN OF BEIS DIN BEIN MA'ANISH on Shabbos, and mimeila there is no kal vachomer, and that's why it's not docheh. Now that this is the case, of course it's a new mitzvah.
If anyone sees R Povarsky, please let him know that I dramatically improved his vort.
(Or the Rambam is going with the Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 4:6 that makes a general statement of "ein danin."
מה אם עבודה שדוחה שבת רציחת מצוה דוחה אותה שנאמר מעם מזבחי תקחנו למות שבת שהעבודה דוחה אותה אין דין שתהא רציחת מצוה דוחה אותה. ר' לא בשם ר' ינאי מיכן לבתי דינין שלא יהו דנין בשבת מאי טעמא נאמר כאן בכל מושבותיכם ונאמר להלן והיו אלה לכם לחוקת משפט לדורותיכם בכל מושבותיכם מה להלן בבית דין הכתוב מדבר אף כאן בב"ד הכתוב מדבר)
I said this over at the Kiddush this morning, and Rav Yitzchak Resnick said (implied) that I should be ashamed of myself if I think this is a chiddush. After all, the Ramah in OC 291:2 says, (based on many Medrashim and the Zohar that the fires of Gehenom do not burn on Shabbos,) (The Rama says something very similar in 295 regarding Maariv motzei Shabbos.)
יש אומרים דאסור לשתות מים בין מנחה למעריב בשבת דאז חוזרות הנשמות לגיהנם ועל כן אין לאכול סעודה שלישית בין מנחה למעריב אלא יאכל אותה קודם מנחה (תוספות והרא"ש ומרדכי פרק ערבי פסחים)
If the fires of Gehinom themselves don't burn on Shabbos, is it not obvious that the din menucha on Shabbos mandates that even resha'im are not punished?I have to admit that R' Yitzchak is probably right. And so was my son, so many years ago. The truth is, it's pashut that he was right on Yomtov, because there's a din of simcha, and by punishing him I would be over on a bitul asei. But there is no din of simcha on Shabbos. (see note) Now, as it turns out, he was right both for Yomtov and for Shabbos. If Beis Din cannot give Malkos, when the Malkos is a din deoraysa, and was earned according to the psak of Beis Din, Kal Vachomer a parent can't give a child a patch on Shabbos.
UPDATE: Not only is R Yitzchak right, but I a friend sent me a video in which the speaker quotes a Chidah that uses our passuk to refer to the fire of Gehinom, but he says it doesn't stop burning unless the person himself was shomer Shabbos, and that the Baal HaTurim also makes the connection. Not at all my style, much too earnest. But you might like it. https://youtu.be/Ho-RhOHACTA
Note: R Abbie Jakubovic is giving me a hard time in the comments about my statement that there is no din of simcha on Shabbos. He has excavated a number of mekoros that seem to say that there is. I say that they are all mezuyaf or ta'us sofrim. Or that when they say "simcha" they don't really mean simcha, which even AJ admits is likely, nay, undeniable.
R Avi Lencz strengthens R Abbie's suggestion that while there might be a din simcha on Shabbos, it is not the same as the din of simcha that we find on Yomtov. He directs us to a discussion on this topic from R Wahrman in the Oros HaShabbos. He uses it to show a difference between the simcha of Yomtov and the simcha of Purim, but the idea applies just as well to Shabbos- that the kind of simcha on Shabbos is just another way of describing Oneg, which is very unlike the simcha of Yomtov. R Avi's take on it is
אולי י"ל דשמחה דחג ויו"ט הוא דין בהיו"ט עצמו, דצריך לשמוח בעיקר היות היום יו"ט. משא"כ שבת הוי שמחה במה שהוא יום של הארת מלכותו ית', וכלשון "ישמחו במלכותך."
R Abbie just sent me the Sifri in Behaaloscha and the Netziv there. Yasher Koach.
The Sifri says
וביום שמחתכם ובמועדיכם. אלו שבתות.
The Netziv there (next page middle of column) says very something that fits in here very nicely:
ועי׳ שבועות ד׳ ט״ו כ׳, וביום הקימו כר דייק ג״כ מיתור דוביום. להכי דריש אלו שבתות דיש בו שירה כדתנן בסוכה פ״ה ובמוספין היו מוסיפין עוד תשע ותני שם ד נ״ה יכול כשם שתוקעין על שבת בפ״ע כו', ומשתמע מביום שמחתכם דאע״ג שאין בו מצות שמחה אלא עונג, מכ״מ יש בו שמחת הנפש. וע״ז סמכו לתקן בתפלה ישמחו במלכותך. עי׳ ב״י או״ח סי׳ רפ״א בשם רב כהן צדק. והוא עשה״כ נכון כסאך מאז וגו', דאע״ג שכבר מלך כשני כדאי׳ ברה״ש ל״א, ובששי מלך על כל בריותיו ע״ש, מ״מ לא הי׳ כסאו שלם עד שנגמר מלאכת שמים וארץ. וזהו ביום השביעי התעלה וישב על כ״כ. וע״ע ירוש׳ מגילה פ״א והובא כר״ן שם, ויעשו אותם בשבת, א״ל לעשות אותם ימי משתה ושמחה, את ששמחתו תלוי בב״ד, יצא זה ששמחתו תלוי בי״ש, היינו שמחת מלכות שמים.
Update March 2021
I realized that if the din of simchas yomtov makes it assur to get married because of ein mearvin, then kvbbshkv that it's assur to be mevateil beyadayim.
Whether or not there is a kiyum of simcha on Shabbos is a machlokes rishonim between chachmei sefarad and ashkenaz. I don't recall who says what, but I can check my notes when I get home. It is also reflected in some of the Shabbos zemiros - לשמוח בו בתענוג אכול ושתו.
ReplyDeleteAlso, I recall someone (perhaps a rishon?) saying that we recite ישמחו במלכותך on the basis that there is a קיום שמחה on Shabbos.
DeleteAnd perhaps it is the basis for the different minhagim regarding the last line of לכה דודי - do you say בואי ושלום עטרת בעלה גם בשמחה or גם ברנה.
DeleteWho would say there's a mitzva of simcha on Shabbos? Do we say Hallel? Does it say it anywhere in the Torah or Tanach? The Rambam clearly says not so in Shabbos 30:1, and so in Tosfos MK 23b, but who needs proof. Simcha is eating the Korban Shlamim, and unless you were makriv Friday, there is no Shlamim on Shabbos, unless it's Shvuos, and then it's only for Kohanim in the Azara. Who says not like that? As for ישמחו במלכותך, I know that RYB's father answered that this refers to the Korban Mussaf, and in the mikdash there was a din of Simcha on Shabbos. See also Chasam Sofer Shabbos 111 that clarifies the distinction between Oneg/Shabbos and Simcha/Yomtov. I don't want to take you from studying for the Actuarial exam, but please do check your notes.
DeleteI think this is a worthy reason to take a break from studying. Here are some sources
Deleteספרי במדבר פרשת בהעלותך פיסקא עז
(עז) וביום שמחתכם אלו שבתות ר' נתן אומר אלו תמידים: ובמועדיכם אלו שלש רגלים: ובראשי חדשיכם כמשמעו.
ספר המנהיג הלכות שבת עמוד קלב
סדר תפילות של שבת
אין מנהג בצרפ' ובספר' ליפול על פניה' מנחת בערבי שבתו' וי"ט, אך בערבי ר"ח נהגו בספר' לבד ליפול, וירא' לי לפי שהם ימי שמחה ונקרא' מועדי' שגם שבת נקרא' יום שמחה שנ' וביום שמחתכ' ובמועדיכ' ובראשי חדשיכ', מועדי' וראשי חדשי' במשמען, וביום שמחתכ' אלו שבתו', וכבר אבדילו להו ממלאכה וקדישו יומא, ומעתה הן אסורי' בהספד ובתעני' ומלאכה מה שאין כן בר"ח שמותר בהספד ובתענית ומלאכה, ובו ביום מן הדין ליפול בתחינה לולי שמנעו בעבו' קריא' ההלל...
ספר שבולי הלקט ענין שבת סימן פב
מה שאמרו ישמחו במלכותך פי' ה"ר אביגדור כהן צדק נר"ו שסמכו על שאומר וביום שמחתכם ובמועדיכם ואמר מר וביום שמחתכם זה שבת ויש לומר שעל זה סמכו לומר וישמחו בך כל אוהבי שמך ויש אומרים וינוחו בו ישראל אוהבי שמך:
That said, there is obviously a difference between שמחת שבת (if you accept it) and שמחת יום טוב, as you pointed out - no hallel on Shabbos, no קרבן שלמים.
DeleteI am not mekabel.
DeleteTo quote Reb Tzadok in his Shvisas Shabbos 3,
ובבעל הלכות גדולות ...מונה שם במצות עשה שמחת שבת ועינוג והנה לא מצינו נזכר מצות שמחה בשבת בשום מקום אלא גבי יום טוב וגם בספר יראים לא כתב מצות שמחה ונראה דטעות סופר הוא וצריך להיות מורא או במקום שמחת צריך לומר שמירת ולפני זה במקום ושמור צריך לומר ומורא והיינו דאסמכיה למורא מקדש עיין שם אבל לא מצאתי כעת זכרון מצוה זו עוד בשום מקום ושום ספר ולא שורש להיקש זה
I have to say I'm impressed with your comment that even if there is a din simcha it is not exactly the same as the din simcha of Yomtov. That sounds like an opening for an interesting lomdus. For example, although the ikker din simcha is korbanos, nobody argues that there is no din simcha now. So you see that despite "ein...ella," that just means optimum, like "lo ra'ah simcha miyamav." So you have to define what these meforshim mean when they say simcha.
DeleteDon't worry - you don't need to be mekabel until Friday afternoon! There's plenty of time to come around! :)
ReplyDeleteOk, that's a good note.
DeleteI've edited the post to incorporate this discussion.Yasher koach.
Check out the פירוש of the נצי"ב on the ספרי in פרשת בהעלותך - about halfway down the second column in ד"ה וביום he suggests that the שמחה of שבת is the שמחה of קבלת עול מלכות שמים!
ReplyDeleteI was thinking, along R' Avi Lencz's train of thought - on יו"ט the שמחה is an end, whereas on שבת, the כבוד ועונג is a היכי תמצא to achieving שמחת קבלת עול מלכות שמים.
P.S. No need to preface my name with a R' - I don't have סמיכה.
Thank you.
DeleteI use R as an honorific for people that care about and engage seriously in Limud HaTorah.