(repost.)
Lot's shepherds of Lot grazed their flocks on land that belonged to the canaanite residents of the land. Avram's shepherds rebuked them. Rashi, based on the Medrash Rabba here, says that Lot's shepherds claimed that Hashem's promise to give the land of Canaan to Avram's descendants justified their behavior. Since Avram was elderly and barren, Lot was the presumptive heir. As such, the land was his. Avram's shepherds disagreed because, as the passuk continues, the Canaanites and Perizzites dwelled in the land at that time, meaning that the transfer of ownership had not yet taken place. Until that transfer took place, it was owned by its inhabitants.
Bereishis 13:7
ויהי ריב בין רעי מקנה אברם ובין רעי מקנה לוט והכנעני והפרזי אז ישב בארץ
Rashi:
"ויהי ריב" - לפי שהיו רועיו של לוט רשעים ומרעים בהמתם בשדות אחרים ורועי אברם מוכיחים אותם על הגזל והם אומרים נתנה הארץ לאברם ולו אין יורש ולוט יורשו ואין זה גזל והכתוב אומר והכנעני והפרזי אז יושב בארץ ולא זכה בה אברם עדיין
Medrash Rabba 41:5
ויהי ריב בין רועי מקנה אברם ובין רועי מקנה לוט -- רבי ברכיה בשם רבי יהודה ב"ר סימון אמר: בהמתו של אברהם אבינו היתה יוצאה זמומה, ובהמתו של לוט לא היתה יוצאה זמומה. היו אומרים להם רועי אברהם: הותר הגזל?! היו אומרים להם רועי לוט: כך אמר הקב"ה לאברהם: לזרעך אתן את הארץ הזאת. ואברהם פרדה עקרה ואינו מוליד, למחר הוא מת ולוט בן אחיו יורשו, ואין אכלין, מדידהון אינון אכלין. אמר להם הקדוש ברוך הוא: כך אמרתי לו: לזרעך נתתי. אימתי? לכשיעקרו שבעה עממים מתוכה.
והכנעני והפרזי אז יושב בארץ -- עד עכשיו מתבקש להם זכות בארץ:
The Ramban does not accept that this would be even a superficially rational argument. The promise to Avram was to his seed, and Lot was his nephew, not his descendant. Instead, the Ramban reads the Medrash as saying that the shepherds of Lot misheard or misunderstood the promise to Avram- perhaps they understood it to be a gift to Avram's heir, whoever that will be.
Ramban:
ויהי ריב - כתב רש"י לפי שהיו רועיו של לוט מרעין בהמתם בשדות אחרים והיו רועיו של אברם מוכיחין אותם על הגזל והם אומרים נתנה הארץ לאברם ולו אין יורש ולוט יורשו ואין זה גזל והכתוב אמר והכנעני והפריזי אז יושב בארץ ולא זכה בה עדיין אברם ומדרש רבותינו הוא (ב"ר מא ה) ואני תמה כי המתנה שנאמרה לאברם לזרעו היתה שנאמר למעלה (יב ז) לזרעך אתן את הארץ הזאת והיאך יירשנו לוט אולי שמעו הרועים המתנה וטעו והכתוב אומר כי גם ללוט גם לאברם איננה עתה ולפי זה מה שאמר תחילה כי היה רכושם רב לאמר כי מפני הרכוש הרב לא ישא אותם הארץ והוצרכו רועי לוט להכניס מקניהם בשדות שיש להם בעלים וזאת סבת המריבה
(Parenthetically, the Ramban, and Rashi, highlight something we need to remember- that when the Torah presents someone as a sinner, it is a mistake to say that he was simply a crude rasha. The Torah doesn't waste our time castigating simple resha'im. The Resha'im in the Torah always had an excellent rationalization, and only when you understand what they were thinking can you learn the higher lesson the Torah is teaching. It would be easy to say that Lot's shepherds were just thieves, but from Rashi and the Ramban you see that this is not correct. Lot was Avraham Avinu's nephew, and lived in a household where malachim were everyday visitors. If Lot went off the derech, the derech was not easy to discern; if Lot's shepherds acted in this way, Lot was aware of it, and there was a good reason to think it was muttar. This is true with Korach, with Yeravam, with Menashe (as Rav Ashi found out in Sanhedrin 102b,) with Achav, with Acheir, and with all those that are described as having committed terrible sins.)
It seems to me that the Ramban creates a bigger problem, a question that he implicitly asks but doesn't answer. If we seek an ostensibly valid basis for Lot's shepherds' assertion, why did they think that Hashem's promise made it Lot's or Avram's property immediately? It was a promise to give in the future. Until Hashem gives it, it belongs to the original owners. That is, indeed, how the Medrash learns the second half of the passuk- that Lot's shepherds were wrong, because the land was still inhabited- and owned- by the Canaanim. What was their rationale for ignoring the current inhabitants?
It is true that where a person gives a gift to A with the remainder to go to B, (אחריך לפלוני), the current user is said to have only the קנין פירות (usufruct) while the remainder man has the קנין הגוף. But that's only where the owner creates a trust, and transfers ownership to the קנין פירות and the קנין הגוף people. Here, no transfer was made; it was just a promise to give a gift in the future. Furthermore, the owner of the קנין פירות has an absolute right to undisturbed use of the פירות, despite the other's ownership of the קנין הגוף. The אחריך guy cannot even take things the first man has no intention of using.
Perhaps the pshat is that Lot understood the promise to mean that it would belong to them whenever they walked in and took it, that it created an immediate right to take possession of it; not that it was theirs as soon as it was promised, but that they had the right to take possession and make it theirs at will. But on what basis can we interpret Hashem's promise to mean that? What kind of pshat is the Ramban saying that אולי שמעו הרועים המתנה וטעו, they knew of the promise but made some kind of mistake? What does that mean, that they misunderstood it? Either they heard it, or they didn't. The Ramban is very shver.
The answer is that the argument between the shepherds of Lot and the Shepherds of Avram is exactly the same as the argument between the Ketzos in 278:15 and the Nesivos there in sk 11 regarding the status of an item after its owner swore that he would give it to another person, or makirei kehuna. Lot's shepherds held like the Ketzos, and Avram's shepherds held like the Nesivos.
Here is the relevant part of the Ketzos.
מסופקני באחד שנשבע ליתן מתנה לחבירו חפץ פלוני ומת המקבל קודם שהגיע המתנה לידו אם הוי ראוי לגבי בכור כיון דשבועה אינו עושה קנין, או נימא כיון דצריך לקיים שבועתו ואסור לו לחזור ה"ל החפץ שנשבע לתת לו כמו מוחזק. והנה יש ללמוד דבר זה דהוי מוחזק מדברי תוס' פ' יש נוחלין (ב"ב קכג, ב ד"ה הכא במכירי כהונה) וז"ל: בכל דוכתי עביד מכירי כהונה מוחזק בפ' כל הגט (גיטין ל, א) והיינו טעמא משום דזהו מתנה מועטת ואסור לחזור בו ואפי' בדברים בעלמא, ואע"פ שאם רצה לחזור בו יכול מכל מקום כל כמה דלא הדר ביה הוי כמוחזק עכ"ל. וא"כ מכ"ש בנשבע או נתן תקיעת כף ליתן חפץ פלוני דהוי מוחזק לגבי בכור
......................
ולעד"נ דודאי מכירי כהונה אינו אלא משום איסור וכמ"ש תוס' שזכרנו, אלא דהתם בב"מ דכבר תקפו כהן קודם שחזר תו ליתיה בחזרה כיון דמכירי כהונה חשיב כמו הבטחה שיתן לו כל המתנות וכבר תקפו תו ליתיה בחזרה כיון דכבר זכה בו, והוא הדין במתנה מועטת דיכול לחזור ואסור לו לחזור ואם הלך המקבל בעצמו ומשך תו ליתיה ברשותיה לחזור דהוי ליה כנותן לו רשות לזכות בו כיון דאסור לו לחזור ועמ״ש בשי׳ ר'ד סק'ג
Here is the Nesivos:
״עקצוה״ח שרצה ללמוד מהא דמכירי כהונה דהוי מוחזק משום דאסור לחזור בו משום דהוי כמתנה מועטת, א״כ ה״ה כשנשבע ליתן מתנה דהוי מוחזק אצל המקבל, ולפי״ז א״כ בכל מתנה מועטת ליהוי המקבל מוחזק
ולפענ״ד דעיקר הטעם דדוקא במתנות כהונה דהוא של כהן ואי תקפו כהן במכירי כהונה אינו חייב להחזיר כמבואר בתוס׳ ב״מ דף ז׳ בסוגיא דתקפו כהן, והטעם דמתנות כהונה של כהן הוא רק שיש לבעה״ב טובת הנאה בציווי רחמנא, וכיון דאסור לחזור בו נתבטל הטובת הנאה שנתנה לו רחמנא, דבמקום איסור לא נתנה לו רחמנא, וכיון שהוא אינו יכול לחזור והמקבל יכול לתקפו בע״כ של הנותן וכשיתקפהו יהי׳ שלו לגמרי לקדש בו אשה ולכל דבר הוי מוחזק, משא״כ בשבועה או בשאר מתנה מועטת דאפילו יתקפו ממנו לא יהי׳ שלו עד שיקנה לו בקנין, וכל זמן שלא נקנה לו בקנין לא יהי׳ שלו לא הוי מוחזק, ולדברים אלו כיון המהרי״ו בתשו׳ ס׳ ע״ד ע״ש״.
I'm not translating or explaining them, because if you're willing to accept that the machlokes ro'ei Lot and ro'ei Avram is the machlokes Ketzos and Nesivos, you've been in yeshiva long enough to be able to understand them yourself. Anyway, Reb Moshe Mordechai, in his introduction to his Levush Mordechai, says that once a yeshiva bachur can learn Gemara and Tosfos by himself, he should spend part of the day learning b'iyun, half of the day learning just Gemara without Tosfos for bekiyus, and an hour a day learning the Ketzos with a good chavrusa.
ושעה אחת ביום יקבע ללמוד קצות עם חבר כגילו שיש לו שכל ישר ובזה בע"ה יצליח הרבה
(Rav Shmuel Birnbaum of Mirrer Yeshiva NY said the same about the דברי יחזקאל- if you want to become a lamdan, his eitzah is to make a seder to learn the דברי יחזקאל.)
The only problem I have with the Ketzos is that he holds, in 241:4, that it is possible to have a full kinyan haguf lizman, unlike the Rosh and Ran in Sukkah that say that a kinyan lizman is meaningless and is just another way of saying "borrowed." (The Ketzos found a rishon that says like him, Rabbeinu Avigdor in the Teshuvos HaRosh, also found on the gilyon in our Yerushalmi in Orla daf 2- pointed out by Reb Chaim B.) Bishlema if, like the Rosh and Ran, a kinyan lizman is not a kinyan gamur, I could understand saying that if the kinyan is absolutely guaranteed to end at a certain point, the real baalim is the acharecha. But the Ketzos holds you can have a kinyan haguf gamur lizman, and it's hard to understand why the future change matters at all until the change occurs. But as far as the t'liyah on the machlokes Ketzos and Nesivos, the t'liyah is still excellent.
If, however, you want to know how the Ketzos understood Avraham Avinu's shittah, there are several ways to explain it.
1. The Rambam in the introduction to Mishnayos says (reconciling Brachos 4b and 7a) that a nevuah that was intended to be publicized that foretells a good thing is never retracted, even if the beneficiary of the nevuah sins and doesn't deserve it. Many rishonim disagree, including the Or Hashem (2:4:2) and the Abarbanel (al hatorah) and the Ramban (12:6). So it could be that Avraham Avinu held not like the Rambam, and there was a chance that the nevuah might not be fulfilled, lest he lose the zechus to inherit the land.
2. Avraham Avinu held that publication only matters when it is the beneficiary that hears of it. Since the beneficiary was the son he would have, who had not yet heard anything. Lot held that if anyone hears of the nevuah, it doesn't matter if it is the beneficiary or not, the nevuah will be fulfilled, and since Lot heard it, it was going to be fulfilled no matter what.
3. There is a big problem with the Ketzos. Bishlema by matnos kehuna, you can't benefit from them anyway, so there's no reason the Kohen shouldn't take them now. But by a shevua to give a gift, why can't you use it until you give it away, and if so, what right does the beneficiary have to take it before you decide to give it? How can the Ketzos compare them? Perhaps the answer is that when you swear to give an object away, any use that will diminish the value of the object contradicts the promise. But of course, if you could use the object before giving it away, the other person can't just take it. Also, it could be that the Ketzos is talking about a case where the owner has absolutely no intention of using the object before giving it away. If so, it could be that in our case, Lot's shepherds held that the Ketzos' rule applied, because the Knaanim were not using the fodder, and it would just go to waste. If so, the oath allowed them to take it, because taking it did not interfere with the temporary right of usage of the Knaanim. Avrohom Avinu, on the other hand, held that since the Knaanim could use it if they so chose, the fact that they weren't is not enough to apply the Ketzos. The same is true by the burial of Sarah, where Rashi says that Avrohom Avinu said that he had a right to take it- the Knaanim couldn't use it for anything but burial, and using it for burial would interfere with Avrohom's kinyan haguf by making it forever useless for Avrohom. This precluded them from using it as a cemetery; since it had no other possible use, the rule of the Ketzos did apply.
Regarding "that when the Torah presents someone as a sinner, it is a mistake to say that he was simply a crude rasha", it may be kdai to note the Pesikta Rabbasi (3:BaYom HaShemini; see also Oznayim LaTorah)who offers a very different picture of the dispute.
ReplyDeleteThe pasuk writes that there was an argument between the shepherds of Avram and the shepherds of Lot, implying that it was a two-sided feud, with each one taking issue with the other. While Avram’s shepherds felt that Lot’s shepherds were stealing from others, Lot’s shepherds felt that by muzzling their animals, Avram’s shepherds were stealing from Lot, and that Lot was the aggrieved party! Since Lot was going to eventually inherit all of Avram’s property, including his animals, by muzzling them, Avram’s shepherds were depriving them of proper nourishment.
Though muzzling and improperly feeding the animals may seem like the right thing to do — after all, it prevents one type of theft — it causes another type of theft, by damaging Lot’s future property. As if to say, “You are being frum and machmir at Lot’s expense.”
As flawed as their argument may have been, as the land was currently in the possession of the Canaanite residents, there is a lesson to be learned here. While extra measures of piety are perhaps the stepping stones to much spiritual, ethical, and moral growth, they cannot be taken at the expense of an innocent bystander.
In this case, though, the thought attributed to Lot's people reminds me of something I saw on a documentary about Romania. "One who does not steal from his neighbors steals from his children."
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