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Wednesday, January 8, 2014

Beshalach, Shemos. The Mechila of Shira.

The Shem Mishmuel on this week's parsha, in the second year section (from  מדרש שוח״ט פרק יח and שה״ש ד־ב). 
במד"ר בשירה נמחלו עוונותיהם של ישראל נראה דכמו יוה"כ הוא התדבקות הנפש במקור העליון ושורש הנשמה וממילא נמחלו עוונותיהם של ישראל והוא כעין השקה שע"י חיבור באה הטהרה כן בעת שאמרו שירה התדבקו במקור העליון וממילא נמחלו עוונותיהם

This is how I would translate it:
In the Medrash Rabba: With Shira, the sins of Klal Yisrael were forgiven.  It appears that just as Yom Kippur is the adherence of the spirit to the sublime source and root of the Soul, and from this it naturally follows that the sins of Yisrael are forgiven, similar to the intimate connection of tamei water to the water in a mikva- through conjoining comes purification.  So too when they said Shira they were attached to the sublime source, it followed naturally that their sins were forgiven.

The Shem MiShmuel assumes that Shira brings Mechila.  The Litvishe assumption would be the opposite- not that Shira brings Mechila, but that if a person is zocheh to mechila, then he comes to Shira- that the direction of causality would be being נמחלו להן עונותיהן, and נעשה בריה חדשה, and נעשה לו נס, and then אמרו שירה.  But if you look at the Medrash, it's hard to deny that the Shem MiShmuel is right.
 (Yalkut here פרק טו רמז רנד and in Shoftim  ו רמז ס) :
ויסע משה את ישראל אמר רבי סימון לא כל שרוצה לומר שירה אומר שירה אלא כל מי שנעשה לו נס ואומר שירה בידוע שמוחלין לו על כל עונותיו ונעשה בריה חדשה. ישראל כשנעשה להם נס ואמרו שירה נמחלו להן עונותיהן שנאמר ויסע משה את ישראל שהסיען מעונותיהן 
וכן אתה מוצא בדבורה וברק שנעשה להם נס ואמרו שירה. ומנין שנמחלו עונותיהן רבי איבו בשם רבי אבא בכל מקום נאמר ויוסיפו בני ישראל לעשות הרע וכאן כתיב ויעשו בני ישראל תחלת עשיה והיכן הן מה שעשו לשעבר אלא מחל להן הקב"ה מה שעשו לשעבר 
וכן אתה מוצא בדוד שנעשה לו נס ואמר שירה ומנין שנמחל לו על כל עונותיו דכתיב בתר שירתו ואלה דברי דוד האחרונים היכן הן הראשונים אלא מלמד שמחל לו הקב"ה


The beginning of the Medrash says לא כל שרוצה לומר שירה אומר שירה אלא כל מי שנעשה לו נס ואומר שירה בידוע שמוחלין לו על כל עונותיו ונעשה בריה חדשה- not just anyone can say Shira! If a person experiences a miracle and says Shira, it is proof that he got mechila.  It does sound from there that the Shira is a סימן of מחילה, not the סיבה.
But the fact is that the Medrash is unequivocal:  It says  כשנעשה להם נס ואמרו שירה נמחלו להן עונותיהן.  Anyway, the proof of the Mechila is the passuk ויסע משה את ישראל, which is after the Shira.  This is indeed like the Shem MiShmuel.

The Girsa in Shocher Tov (18:6) also supports this pshat.  There, it says that the sin that was forgiven was Klal Yisrael's rebelliousness when they stood before the Red Sea.  Clearly, they were not busy doing Teshuva.  They were sinning right before Kri'as Yam Suf.  But the miracle brought them Mechila. No teshuva, just a miracle and Shira.


 דבר אחר את דברי השירה הזאת. אמר ר' סימון לא כל מי שהוא רוצה לומר שירה אומר, אלא כל מי שנעשה לו נס ואומר שירה, בידוע שמוחלין לו עונותיו, ונעשה כבריה חדשה. ישראל כשנעשה להם נס אמרו שירה, שנאמר אז ישיר משה ובני ישראל, ונמחלו כל עונותיהם, שנאמר ויסע משה את ישראל מים סוף (שם שם בב), מלמד שהסיע מהן חטאיהן שחטאו על ים סוף , שנאמר וימרו על ים ביס סוף

The Shem MiShmuel's explanation reminds us of Reb Akiva in the last Mishna in Yoma (85b- מקוה ישראל ה' מה מקוה מטהר את הטמאים אף הקב"ה מטהר את ישראל), and it reminds Reb Chaim B. of the last Rambam in Mikvaos ( כיון שהסכים בלבו לפרוש מאותן העצות והביא נפשו במי הדעת טהור. הרי הוא אומר וזרקתי עליכם מים טהורים וטהרתם מכל טומאותיכם ומכל גלוליכם אטהר אתכם.)

And finally, the Mishna Berura (51 sk 17) brings that the Zohar says
ויאמר שירת הים בשמחה וידמה בדעתו כאילו באותו היום עבר בים והאומר בשמחה מוחלין לו עונותיו
that one should say Az Yashir in pesukei d'zimra with joy, and imagine as if he himself just went through the sea; and one who says it with joy, they forgive him his sins.

I don't know if this is a din in Shira, but it might be:  The Mishna Berura (54 sk 5) brings the Elyah Rabba who brings the Matteh Moshe שהקליפות מבטלים לעלות התפילה וע"י פסוקי דזמרה מכריתים אותם.

I'd like to point out some other associations of Shira and Mechila.
  • Chaim B points out that another place were Mechila and Shira are associated- Adam Harishon's Mizmor Shir L'Yom Hashabbos, from Medrash Rabbah Bereishis 22:13.  After Adam saw that Kayin was forgiven, he asked, what happened to the Gzeira?  Kayin answered, I did teshuva and was forgiven- BUT Chaim's Medrash is Mechila-therefore-Shira, and our Medrash is Shira-therefore-Mechilla.
    פגע בו אדם הראשון. אמר לו: מה נעשה בדינך? אמר לו: עשיתי תשובה ונתפשרתי. התחיל אדם הראשון מטפח על פניו, אמר: כך היא כחה של תשובה, ואני לא הייתי יודע! מיד עמד אדה'ר ואמר: 'מזמור שיר ליום השבת' (תהלים צב

    • The passuk in the Tochecha in Ki Savo, Devarim 28:47, תחת, אשר לא עבדת את ה' אלוקיך בשמחה ובטוב לבב.  This implies that great joy-שמחה וטוב לבב- in our relationship with Hashem brings middas harachamim from the Ribono shel Olam, and middas harachamim is the source of mechilla.
    • We find that Shira is associated with Korbanos.  In fact, the Gemara in Arachin 11 says that just as the Zerikas Hadam, the ultimate absolution service of a korban, must be in the daytime, so too the shira that accompanies korbanos must be in the daytime.  Furthermore, we find an association between the Shiras Hayam and building the Beis Hamikdash.  They said זֶה קלִי וְאַנְוֵהוּ, and Onkelos translates this to mean דֵּין אֱלָקי וְאֶבְנֵי לֵיהּ מַקְדַּשׁ.  This is my G-d and I will build for Him a Temple.  Why would the Shira mention that they would later build a Beis Hamikdash?  Why this mitzva out of all the 248 Mitzvos Asei?  You have to say that there is some connection between Shira and Avoda.  Shira is associated with the Beis Hamikdash, and Shira is associated with the Kapara of Korbanos.  This indicates that the Shira is an avoda that brings the same kapara as the Avodah in the Beis Hamikdash, the Avodah of Korbanos.  Or to put it in more emotional terms, you might say "When you say Shira with a whole heart, you are standing in the Beis Hamikdash on Yom Kippur being makriv the holiest korbanos a human being is capable of bringing."  (Rosh Hashannah 26a- כיון דלזכרון הוא כבפנים דמי) 
    • Another important thing relating to Shira is what they say in the name of Reb Chaim.  Reb Chaim said that Shira is among Devarim Shebikdusha, e.g., Kaddish and Kedusha and Barchu, such that it requires the presence of a minyan, a Tzibur of Baalei Bris Milah.  Miriam only was able to say her Shira because of the Tzibur of men, because women do not create a din of Tzibur by themselves.  He also uses this to explain Chulin 91b, that the Malachim do not say Shira until Klal Yisrael does.  He says that Malachim, too, do not create a din of Tzibur by themselves, and that is why they cannot say Shira or Kedusha until Klal Yisrael does, because then they can be mitztareif to our minyan/Tzibur.

    Since we opened with the Medrash that says that נמחלו עוונותיהם, through Shira their sins were forgiven, let's talk about other people who get a mechila, and see if there's any connection to the Medrash.

    In Breishis 36:3, a wife of Eisav is named בשמת בת ישמעאל, but in 28:9 she is named מחלת בת ישמעאל.  Rashi in 36 brings from a Medrash, and it is also in our Yerushalmi in Bikurim 3:3, that three are granted forgiveness from their sins.  This is why Basmas was here called Machlas; when Eisav married her, his sins were forgiven (mechila).  
    Rashi:
    בשמת בת ישמעאל: ולהלן קורה לה מחלת, מצינו באגדת מדרש ספר שמואל שלשה מוחלין להן עוונותיהן גר שנתגייר והעולה לגדולה והנושא אשה, ולמד הטעם מכאן לכך נקראת מחלת שנמחלו עוונתיו
    The Yerushalmi, and as brought by the Gaon on OC 562:2:
    רב זעירא הוו בעיין ממניתיה ולא בעי מקבל עליו, כד שמע ההן תניא הני חכם חתן נשיא גדולה מכפרת, מקביל עליה ממניתיה. חכם מפני שיבה תקום והדרת פני זקן, מה כתיב בתריה וכי יגור אתכם גר בארצכם לא תונו אותו, מה הגר מוחלין לו על כל עונותיו, אף חכם שנתמנה מוחלין לו על כל עונותיוחתן, וילך עשו אל ישמעאל, ויקח את מחלת בת ישמעאל, וכי מחלת שמה, והלא בשמת שמה, אלא שנמחלו לו כל עונותיו. נשיא, בן שנה שאול במלכו, וכי בן שנה היה, אלא שנמחלו לו כל עונותיו כתינוק בן שנה.
    It appears that there are four:
    one who is appointed Chacham
    a convert
    one who gets married
    one who is crowned king.

    So Rashi's "three" is difficult to understand.

    One would assume that the answer is that "appointed Chacham" and "crowned King" are essentially the same, in that both assume supreme authority and responsibility, each in his own sphere.

    But if  you read the Yerushalmi, you see that it gives disparate reasons for the people listed that leads us to an unexpected explanation for Rashi.  
    1.  The Yerushalmi assumes mechila by a Ger, because conversion is like rebirth; 
    2.  then, since the ascent to leadership is next to the passuk of Geir, (these are sequential pesukim in Vayikra 19:32-33, we extend the concept to one who is elevated to position of Chacham.
     מפני שיבה תקום והדרת פני זקן ויראת מאלהיך אני ה'.  וכי יגור אתך גר בארצכם לא תונו אתו  
    3.  Chassan is derived from the name of Basmas/Machlas.
    4.  Rise to kingship is derived from the description of Shaul as being one year old when he became king, as if he had been reborn.  

    So we no longer can say that Chacham and King are two ways of saying the same thing. Do we have a problem in Rashi again?

    In Sanhedrin 14a the Gemara has the same story with רבי זירא instead of רב זעירא.  It says that רבי זירא הוה מיטמר למיסמכיה דאמר רבי אלעזר לעולם הוי קבל וקיים כיון דשמעה להא דא"ר אלעזר אין אדם עולה לגדולה אלא א"כ מוחלין לו על כל עונותיו אמצי ליה אנפשיה.  Reb Reuven Margolios brings mekoros to show that this is all because certain shinuyim have a din like a shinui haguf.  He connects this to the Gemara (Makkos 22) that a Shor that used to be Hekdesh and was redeemed is viewed as if it were a chimera of hekdesh and chulin, to the point that if you were to harness it and work with it, it would be assur on the basis of harnessing together two dissimilar animals- Kilayim.  Shinui of Kedusha is so fundamental that it equals Shinui Haguf.  We might not appreciate or understand this, because we have mere physical eyes, and we see physical things.  If our eyes were sensitive to the brilliant spectrum of spirituality, we would see a davar kadosh as fundamentally different from a davar gashmi.

    If so, the Yerushalmi's connection of Chacham to Geir is not merely a hekeish, it's a mah matzinu with a svara.  Elevation to a matzav of kedusha is halachicly the same as shinui haguf.  The Hekesh teaches us that the עליה רוחנית of becoming a Manhig Ruchni of the Klal also has a din of shinui haguf legabei mechila.

    So we have a good explanation for Rashi.  But it is not the explanation we would naturally assume, that the three are
    -Geir
    -Chacham and Melech
    -Chassan,
    In fact, the three actually are
    -Geir and Chacham
    -Melech
    -Chassan



    In the Poskim, three reasons are given for the minhag of a Chassan and Kallah to fast until the chupah, all cited in OC there in 562 and especially in the Beis Shmuel SK 6.
    1. Fasting is appropriate for a day of forgiveness.
    2. So their minds should be focused and sober when the marriage in formalized.
    3.  It is appropriate to fast whenever you go to do a precious mitzvah.

    You have to wonder, why would they look for reasons, when the Yerushalmi clearly supports the first of the reasons, and it is an excellent svara as well.  It's a day of mechila, it's like Yom Kippur, so fasting is appropriate.  

    1. Perhaps those that give additional reasons hold that the Yerushalmi is no reason to fast.  Perhaps they hold that the mechila of the Yerushalmi is not conditional, and so fasting is irrelevant.
    2. Or, the machlokes is like the machlokes Rebbi and the Rabanan in Shavuos 13a, that Rebbi holds that Yom Kippur brings kapara whether he does teshuva or not, and the Rabanan hold it only works in combination with Teshuva.  If you hold like Rebbi, maybe the mechila of the chasan is absolute, and there's no reason to fast or do teshuva.  Only on Yom Kippur itself is there a din deoraysa of fasting, which is unrelated to the kapara.  But there is no such din for a Chassan.  If, on the other hand, you hold like the Rabanan, since the kapara depends on teshuva, the chasan should be fasting.
    3.  Based on what we've said, I think we can offer another explanation.  All you see from the Yerushalmi is that getting married has a din of Shinui, and a fundamental shinui brings mechilla.  It could be the shinui is the simple change from single to married, which is automatic, and suffices for mechila, as we see by Basmas.  But it is also an opportunity for the other din of mechilla- the mechilla based on aliya ruchanis, the shinui of the Geir and the Chacham.  Marriage is an opportunity for an aliyah ruchanis that is like that of a geir.  This kind of aliyah is not automatic.  To achieve this mechila, it is indeed kedai to fast and do teshuva.  Everyone has a Shinui Hasheim.  If you're smart, and lucky, you can also use the opportunity to attain an aliyah ruchanis that will be a Shinui HaGuf.


    Back to our Parsha:

    The connection between the Mechila of Shira and the Yerushalmi as we have explained it is not superficial. Please note the words of the Medrash I brought above, which I show in bold here:
    ויסע משה את ישראל אמר רבי סימון לא כל שרוצה לומר שירה אומר שירה אלא כל מי שנעשה לו נס ואומר שירה בידוע שמוחלין לו על כל עונותיו ונעשה בריה חדשה. ישראל כשנעשה להם נס ואמרו שירה נמחלו להן עונותיהן שנאמר ויסע

    It is interesting to see that the concept of Briyah Chadasha appears here by Shira, which ties it together with the focus on Shinui that we discussed in the Gemara in Sanhedrin.

    8 comments:

    1. "other people who get a mechila...
      one who is appointed Chacham
      a convert
      one who gets married
      one who is crowned king"

      but of course these four get a mechila year-round, for Yom Kippur 'owes' them-- on the day
      the chag comes round, they're denied their defining moments:

      a Chacham, the emblematic shoewearer (Berachos 43b), cannot don his leather shoes;
      a convert, who immersed to complete his conversion, cannot bathe;
      one who got married, who to seal the deal had intercourse, cannot on Yom Kippur proceed;
      one crowned a king, by oil crowned, cannot annoint!

      (thus the first Mishna in Yoma 8 vis-a-vis the Shem MiShmuel)

      ReplyDelete
      Replies
      1. Your association of the four individuals to particular abstinences is clever but I am going to assume that you mean it as art, not analysis.

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    2. Allow me to paraphrase your Answer #3 (based on the Rav's chiluk in Igros and Shiurei Harav Sanhedrin 7a between kapara and hafkaas shem rasha):

      Getting married is a kapara/mechila, but it's not mafkia the shem rasha. Only tshuva can do that, so the fasting is a vehicle to tshuva, unrelated to kapara.

      On a related note, there has been much discussion lately about someone who is not shomer shabbos making kiddush and drinking the wine himself, since once he touches it, the wine becomes non-kosher. A similar issue is raised regarding being mesader kiddushin for a couple that is not shomer shabbos, if it's mutar to give them the wine to drink or you're being mesayea liyedei ovrei aveiar. Rabbi Bleich wrote a whole article in Tradition last year on this issue.

      Based on the Rav, I took issue with Rav Mensahe Klein's heter for siddur kiddushin - he said that the wine is really mutar, since chasan beyom chupaso mochlin kol avonosav. BMK"T, I wanted to say that mechila is irrelevant, he still has a shem mechalel shabbos befarhesya, and his wine is still assur, since he got only mechila, and wine is taluy on shem rasha, not on mechila, and only tshuva is mafkia the shem rasha.

      ReplyDelete
      Replies
      1. There's a lot in your comment.
        1. re the difference between Kapara and hafka'as shem rasha, especially considering the Rambam's words about what teshuva is supposed to accomplish. Yasher Koach.
        2. You know that many many poskim do not prohibit wine touched by a non-shomer shabbos, because there's no problem of b'noseihem. There is a problem of their not making a bracha on food you give them, which is not an issue under the chuppah. But the people you cite obviously hold it's assur.
        3. I like R Menashe Klein's use of chassan mochlin, but, as I said to the previous commenter, it's better art than analysis.

        Delete
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      3. The sefer is excellent and twice in the last months have my friends cited it. Thank you and a groseh yasher koach for your work.

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    3. When Adam haRishon heard there was this thing called teshuvah he sang "Mizmor **shir** l'yom haShabbos."
      Also, maybe it's "az yashir" in future tense because a ba'al teshuvah erases the past and only looks towards the future.

      ReplyDelete
      Replies
      1. Good. Another connection of Mechila and Shira.

        Interesting connection of Yashir and Briyah Chadasha. I initially thought think that present tense would be equally good, but I realized that there isn't any specific present tense for Shirah that doesn't include past tense.

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